{"id":9434,"date":"2020-05-10T20:51:47","date_gmt":"2020-05-10T18:51:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/?p=9434"},"modified":"2026-02-19T13:47:17","modified_gmt":"2026-02-19T12:47:17","slug":"fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/","title":{"rendered":"Chameleon predators"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"dropcap\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">The knowledge about predators of Malagasy chameleons comes mainly from anecdotal reports and so far less systematic research. Also, we observe from time to time how chameleons become victims of other animals in the wilderness of Madagascar. Jenkins, Rabearivony, and Rakotomanana have published the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madagasikara-voakajy.org\/17-predation-on-chameleons-in-madagascar-a-review\/file\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">only overview on this topic<\/a> so far in 2009. We have compiled this article to reflect the current knowledge about the predators of Madagascan chameleons. It can currently be assumed that birds and snakes are the main predators of chameleons in Madagascar. <div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Inhaltsverzeichnis<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e36e3240bb6\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69e36e3240bb6\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Vogel\" >V\u00f6gel<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Tagaktive_Greifvogel\" >Tagaktive Greifv\u00f6gel<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Nachaktive_Greifvogel\" >Nachaktive Greifv\u00f6gel<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Vangas\" >Vangas<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Erdracken\" >Erdracken<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Seidenkuckucke\" >Seidenkuckucke<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Weitere_Vogel\" >Weitere V\u00f6gel<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Schlangen\" >Schlangen<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Frosche\" >Fr\u00f6sche<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Lemuren_Fossa_und_kleinere_Saugetiere\" >Lemuren, Fossa und kleinere S\u00e4ugetiere<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Invasive_Arten_Katzen_und_Wanderratten\" >Invasive Arten: Katzen und Wanderratten<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Der_Mensch\" >Der Mensch<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Birds\" >Birds<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Snakes\" >Snakes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Frogs\" >Frogs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Lemurs_Fossa_and_smaller_mammals\" >Lemurs, Fossa and smaller mammals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Invasive_species_Cats_and_Norway_rats\" >Invasive species: Cats and Norway rats<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Humans\" >Humans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Oiseaux\" >Oiseaux<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Serpents\" >Serpents<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Grenouilles\" >Grenouilles<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Lemuriens_fossas_et_petits_mammiferes\" >L\u00e9muriens, fossas et petits mammif\u00e8res<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Especes_invasives_chats_et_rats_migrateurs\" >Esp\u00e8ces invasives : chats et rats migrateurs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Les_humains\" >Les humains<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Birds\"><\/span>Birds<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Among the birds, two birds of prey are particularly noteworthy: The Serpent-Eagle (<em>Eutriorchis astur<\/em>) and the banded kestrel<em>.<\/em> Chameleons seem to make up a very large part of the diet of these two species. Both hunt mainly in treetops, which predestines chameleons as tree-dwellers for suitable food. In he Serpent-Eagle, it was observed during a breeding time in the rainy season that almost 50% of the prey consisted of chameleons <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"40\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-40\">40<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-40\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"40\">Thorstrom Russel, Ren\u00e9 de Roland Lily-Arison (200): First nest description, breeding behaviour and distribution of the Madagascar Serpent-Eagle Eutriorchis astur. Ibis 142: 217-224. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Russell-Thorstrom\/publication\/227780668_First_nest_description_breeding_behaviour_and_distribution_of_the_Madagascar_Serpent-Eagle_Eutriorchis_astur\/links\/5aba5685a6fdcc0e3d9ed722\/First-nest-description-breeding-behaviour-and-distribution-of-the-Madagascar-Serpent-Eagle-Eutriorchis-astur.pdf?origin=publicationSearch&amp;_rtd=e30%3D&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6ImhvbWUiLCJwYWdlIjoic2VhcmNoIiwicG9zaXRpb24iOiJwYWdlSGVhZGVyIn19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>. Serpent-Eagles usually sit on a perch and observe the surroundings from there. If they discover worthwhile prey, they fly towards it and grab the prey with their strong claws. Chameleons are usually pierced and killed. With the prey, the Eagles fly back to their perch to eat piece by piece. Mostly decapitated reptiles are brought to the nest for chicks.\u00a0Madagascar Buzzard (<em>Buteo brachypterus<\/em>)<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"41\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-41\">41<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-41\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"41\">Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> was observed in Masoala, and around 11% of its prey consisted of chameleons.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In some areas of Madagascar, the banded kestrel (<em>Falco zoniventris)<\/em> was once thought to be exclusively a chameleon hunter. In the Masoala rainforest, chameleons make up to 50% of the food supply of banded kestrels.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"42\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-42\">42<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-42\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"42\">Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L.-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Razafimanajato,R. H.R., Obenarimangason, H.R., Thorstrom, R. (2005): Breeding biology and diet of the banded kestrel Falco zoniventris on Masoala peninsula. Ostrich 76: 32-36. <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.peregrinefund.org\/docs\/pdf\/research-library\/2005\/2005-Rene-de-Roland-banded-kestrel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> However, observations from other areas of Madagascar suggest that chameleons are only a small part of a very wide range of possible prey for the banded kestrel.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"43\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-43\">43<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-43\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"43\">Thorstrom, R. (1999): A description of the nests, diet and behaviour of the banded kestrel. Ostrich 70: 149-151. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233084632_A_description_of_nests_diet_and_behaviour_of_the_Banded_Kestrel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> It seems that this bird of prey can feed more on insects, more on chameleons, geckos or more on small birds, depending on availability. Therefore, the banded kestrel is no longer considered a pure chameleon eater today.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Madagascar buzzard (<em>Buteo brachypterus<\/em>)<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"44\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-44\">44<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-44\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"44\">Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> was observed in Masoala, and around 11% of its prey consisted of chameleons. An observational study of hook-billed vangas (<em>Vanga curvirostris<\/em>) in Ankarafantsika in north-western Madagascar found that chameleons made up just over 10% of their prey<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"45\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-45\">45<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-45\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"45\">Rakotomanana, H., Akamura, M.N., Yamagishi, S. (2001): Breeding ecology of the endemic hook-billed vanga, <em>Vanga curvirostris<\/em>, in Madagascar. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 33: 25-35. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/content\/documents\/ffae6799-245a-4c17-83f5-8de2f7dfe85e\/a7485c0e593947daa1949a8a38d094c8.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjN_MWai96SAxUKgP0HHZznCuMQFnoECCMQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw06gpoWWZ95kWpOzzQ8HlVs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>.\u00a0The parents fed their chicks in the nest with <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em> and <em>Brookesia decaryi<\/em>, i.e. all the more common species found in the dry forest there. In addition, the hook-billed vangas fed their chicks many pieces of meat that were unidentifiable to species level, which the authors assume may have included a large proportion of chameleons.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Madagascar harrier (<em>Circus macrosceles<\/em>) only uses chameleons in Ambohitantely in the northern highlands as food to a very small extent.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"46\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-46\">46<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-46\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"46\">Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Randriamanga, I, Thorstrom, R. (2004): Nesting biology and diet of the Madagascar harrier (<em>Circus macrosceles<\/em>) in Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 38: 256-262. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2653&amp;context=jrr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> The Madagascar harrier-hawk (<em>Polyboroides radiatus<\/em>) appears to hunt chameleons just as rarely in Berenty in the far south-east of the island. In one study, <em>Furcifer major<\/em> accounted for only 0.1% of the prey brought to the nest by the breeding partner.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"47\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-47\">47<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-47\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"47\">Karpanty, S.M., Goodman, S.M. (1999): Diet of the Madagascar harrier-hawk <em>Polyboroides radiatus<\/em> in south-eastern Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 33: 313-316. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&amp;context=jrr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is strongly suspected that chameleons are potential prey for Frances&#8217; sparrowhawk (<em>Tachyspiza francesii<\/em>). Studies have shown that up to 42% of its prey consists of reptiles. Whether chameleons are regularly among them has not yet been conclusively determined.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-11' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-francesiae-in-Kirindy-e1589393456605-733x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-francesiae-in-Kirindy-e1589393456605-733x1024.jpg 733w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-francesiae-in-Kirindy-e1589393456605-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-francesiae-in-Kirindy-e1589393456605-768x1072.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-francesiae-in-Kirindy-e1589393456605-552x771.jpg 552w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-francesiae-in-Kirindy-e1589393456605-420x586.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-francesiae-in-Kirindy-e1589393456605-81x113.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-francesiae-in-Kirindy-e1589393456605.jpg 967w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"670\" height=\"947\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Falco-e1589393568774.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Falco-e1589393568774.jpg 670w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Falco-e1589393568774-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Falco-e1589393568774-545x771.jpg 545w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Falco-e1589393568774-420x594.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Falco-e1589393568774-81x114.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"702\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-dingsda.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-dingsda.jpg 702w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-dingsda-211x300.jpg 211w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-dingsda-541x771.jpg 541w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-dingsda-420x598.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-dingsda-81x115.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 702px) 100vw, 702px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nocturnal birds rarely seem to catch a chameleon &#8211; probably because chameleons sleep at night and are more difficult to spot motionless. Only once have the remains of chameleons been found in the pellets of barn owls (<em>Tyto alba<\/em>) &#8211; even though it occurs in areas that are rich in chameleons. It was probably a young <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em> or <em>Furcifer major<\/em> that had been caught during the rainy season in Beza-Mahafaly in south-western Madagascar.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"48\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-48\">48<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-48\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"48\">Goodman, S.M., Langrand, O.L. (1993): Food habits of the barn owl <em>Tyto alba<\/em> at three sites on Madagascar. Ostrich 64(4): 160-171. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/253784\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/de\/category\/chamaeleons-habitatsdaten\/brookesia-arten\/\">Leaf chameleons<\/a> are less likely to fall prey to birds. But even these small and inconspicuous chameleons have been attacked and eaten by birds that forage on the ground in the foliage. The short-legged ground roller (<em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em>) was observed in the Masoala rainforest feeding on around 7% of ground chameleons of the genus <em>Brookesia<\/em><sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"49\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-49\">49<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-49\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"49\">Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>. Medium-sized chameleons and their young made up less than 1% of their diet.\u00a0The scaly ground roller (<em>Geobiastes squamiger<\/em>) was also observed in Masoala feeding on ground chameleons.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"50\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-50\">50<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-50\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"50\">Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> Both species of ground rollers move mainly on the ground, watching for the slightest movements in the leaf litter. When they spot potential prey, they sprint to the spot and turn over leaves with their beaks until they find it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Several observations of helmet vangas (<em>Euryceros prevostii<\/em>) report that, in the same rainforest, leaf chameleons, presumably <em>Brookesia griveaudi<\/em>, were fed to fledgeling or eaten by adult birds themselves. <sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"51\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-51\">51<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-51\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"51\">Lamarca, G., Thorstrom, R. (1999): Breeding biology, diet and vocalization of the helmet vanga, <em>Euryceros prevostii<\/em>, on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Ostrich 71: 400-403. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/241723552_Breeding_biology_diet_and_vocalization_of_the_Helmet_Vanga_Euryceros_prevostii_on_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span><sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"52\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-52\">52<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-52\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"52\">Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> Overall, however, chameleons accounted for only slightly more than 1% of the diet of the helmet vangas observed \u2013 the most commonly preyed upon food source was insects.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Snakes\"><\/span>Snakes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The most common chameleon eaters are the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madamagazine.com\/die-mahafalynatter-mimophis-mahfalensis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Common Big-Eyed Snake<\/a> (<em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em>), <em>Ithycyphus perineti<\/em> or <em>Ithycyphus oursi<\/em> and <em>Madagascarophis colubrinus<\/em>.\u00a0 All four species find chameleons directly in trees and on the ground. But the leaf-nosed snake (Langaha madagascariensis) has also been documented to have eaten <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em>. Chameleons are also a regular part of the diet of various snakes of the genus <em>Phisalixella<\/em> (formerly <em>Stenophis<\/em>) and <em>Parastenophis<\/em> (<em>Ph. variabilis, Pa. betsileanus)<\/em>. For example, a <em>Parastenophis betsileanus<\/em> was preserved for scientific study in Andasibe, which had a <em>Furcifer willsii<\/em> in its stomach.<sup class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"53\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-53\">53<\/a><\/sup><span id=\"mfn-content-00000000000031b60000000000000000_9434-53\" role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"53\">Raxworthy, C.J. (1988): Reptiles, rainforest and conservation in Madagascar. Biological Conservation 43: 181-211. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/22695171\/Reptiles_rainforest_and_conservation_in_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7422\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7422\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7422\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Furcifer-oustaleti-wird-von-Schlange-gefressen-Doppelbild-300x213.jpg\" alt=\"Furcifer oustaleti wird von Schlange gefressen\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Furcifer-oustaleti-wird-von-Schlange-gefressen-Doppelbild-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Furcifer-oustaleti-wird-von-Schlange-gefressen-Doppelbild-768x545.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Furcifer-oustaleti-wird-von-Schlange-gefressen-Doppelbild-1024x726.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Furcifer-oustaleti-wird-von-Schlange-gefressen-Doppelbild-1087x771.jpg 1087w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Furcifer-oustaleti-wird-von-Schlange-gefressen-Doppelbild-420x298.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Furcifer-oustaleti-wird-von-Schlange-gefressen-Doppelbild-81x57.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Furcifer-oustaleti-wird-von-Schlange-gefressen-Doppelbild.jpg 1404w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7422\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">This <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> has unfortunately just fallen victim to a snake<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">All the snakes mentioned kill their victims with a bite, while secretion from the so-called Duvernoy glands runs into the wound. The Duvernoy glands are a kind of &#8220;primitive precursor&#8221; of real venom glands. The poison produced in these glands is not particularly potent. In Common Big-Eyed snakes, <em>Phisalixella<\/em> and <em>Parastenophis<\/em>, it is released through fangs that are located far back in the jaw, approximately under the eyes. For large mammals such as humans, the venom of the Malagasy colubrids is rather harmless and can be compared to a wasp sting. Chameleons, however, may be paralyzed by the effect of the secretion and even be killed. As far as has been investigated so far, the poison is a haemotoxin, which means it destroys blood cells. Madagascar is also home to several constrictor snakes, but they seem to care less about chameleons than about other prey.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We have already observed several times that snakes killed or strangled chameleons by bite, but could not swallow them because of their size. It seems that every now and then chameleons become victims of snakes that simply overestimate their abilities.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-12' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-4 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Langaha-madagascariensis-2018-683x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Langaha-madagascariensis-2018-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Langaha-madagascariensis-2018-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Langaha-madagascariensis-2018-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Langaha-madagascariensis-2018-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Langaha-madagascariensis-2018-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Langaha-madagascariensis-2018-81x122.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Langaha-madagascariensis-2018.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"667\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Madagascarophis-colubrinus-in-Isalo.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Madagascarophis-colubrinus-in-Isalo.jpg 667w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Madagascarophis-colubrinus-in-Isalo-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Madagascarophis-colubrinus-in-Isalo-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Madagascarophis-colubrinus-in-Isalo-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Madagascarophis-colubrinus-in-Isalo-81x121.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"667\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mimophis-mahfalensis.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mimophis-mahfalensis.jpg 667w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mimophis-mahfalensis-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mimophis-mahfalensis-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mimophis-mahfalensis-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mimophis-mahfalensis-81x121.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"667\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti.jpg 667w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti-81x121.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">But the dead chameleons do not remain lying around for long &#8211; they are broken down into smaller pieces and decimated by insects, birds, or other reptiles quite quickly. By the way, picture on the right above shows exactly such a situation: A <em>Phisalixella variabilis<\/em> entangled a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/de\/furcifer-oustaleti\/\"><em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em><\/a> and killed it with a bite near its head. After the chameleon was dead, the snake tried to devour it. After a good half hour, it stopped, because the chameleon simply did not fit between the jaws. The next day, all that was left of the body of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/de\/furcifer-oustaleti\/\"><em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em><\/a> were single bones and some skin &#8211; the &#8220;ground police&#8221; of the dry forest had done a great job.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-13' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Some snakes simply eat what they can find &#8211; preferably eggs buried in the ground, and now and then a live chameleon. Among these snakes are the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madamagazine.com\/die-madagaskar-hakennasennatter\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Malagasy Giant Hognose Snake<\/a> (<em>Leioheterodon madagascariensis)<\/em> and <em>Pseudoxyrophus ambreensis<\/em>. They burrow headfirst into the sand or the ground to find fresh clutches. In the photo, a Hognose Snake has apparently just found a chameleon clutch in the dry forest of Ankarafantsika. The eggs are slit in the mouth with the teeth so that the yolk and yolk can be digested. The eggs of chameleons in the ground are generally susceptible to predators. These do not even have to be snakes. Even certain species of ants can destroy chameleon eggs.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frogs\"><\/span>Frogs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is interesting that even frogs rarely eat chameleons in the rainy season. In particularly rainy years, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/de\/der-schlupf\/\">hatchlings<\/a> may end up in the stomach of the grass frog (<em>Ptychadena madagascariensis<\/em>) or <em>Mantidactylus femoralis<\/em>. Probably other frogs also reach for chameleon hatchlings when they get the chance &#8211; but it has been observed very rarely so far. Very small chameleons are also occasionally captured by praying mantises and large spiders.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lemurs_Fossa_and_smaller_mammals\"><\/span>Lemurs, Fossa and smaller mammals<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lemurs also rarely eat chameleons &#8211; probably only when a very good opportunity arises. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madamagazine.com\/madagaskars-ringelschwanze-kattas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ring-tailed lemurs<\/a>, mouse lemurs, and fat-tailed dwarf lemurs have been observed to eat chameleons. Actually these lemurs prefer fruits, flowers, and leaves. Mouse lemurs and fat-tailed dwarf lemurs supplement their diet with insects. In the dry season, however, the supply of fresh greenery and insects is rather limited in the southern parts of Madagascar. A chameleon is then just the right &#8220;stopgap&#8221;.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-14' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katta.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katta.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katta-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katta-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katta-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katta-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mausmaki-in-Mahajanga.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mausmaki-in-Mahajanga.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mausmaki-in-Mahajanga-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mausmaki-in-Mahajanga-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mausmaki-in-Mahajanga-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mausmaki-in-Mahajanga-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is striking that lemurs often left a large part of their unusual prey unused during observations. This suggests that chameleons are neither a main meal nor a particularly common prey for lemurs. Perhaps chameleons simply do not appeal to lemurs. However, it is also possible that lemurs kill chameleons more out of curiosity and for &#8220;trial and error&#8221; than out of hunger.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-15' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Tenrek-in-Ankarafantsika.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Tenrek-in-Ankarafantsika.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Tenrek-in-Ankarafantsika-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Tenrek-in-Ankarafantsika-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Tenrek-in-Ankarafantsika-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Tenrek-in-Ankarafantsika-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"936\" height=\"622\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fossa.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fossa.jpg 936w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fossa-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fossa-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fossa-420x279.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fossa-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ringelschwanzmanguste.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ringelschwanzmanguste.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ringelschwanzmanguste-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ringelschwanzmanguste-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ringelschwanzmanguste-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ringelschwanzmanguste-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Another Malagasy mammal that occasionally makes use of the chameleon population is the approximately knee-high <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madamagazine.com\/fossa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fossa<\/a>, the largest predator on the island. Fossas are cathemeral, i.e. active during the day and\/or night, depending on their needs. They can easily climb trees and find chameleons there. Opportunistic hunters such as the ring-tailed mongoose (<em>Galidia elegans<\/em>), Grandidier&#8217;s mongoose (<em>Galidictis grandidieri<\/em>), the Fanaloka (<em>Fossa fossana<\/em>) or various species of tenrecs do not spurn a chameleon from time to time either. Tenrecs mainly browse in foliage, so their victims are mainly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/de\/category\/chamaeleons-habitatsdaten\/brookesia-arten\/\">leaf chameleons<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Invasive_species_Cats_and_Norway_rats\"><\/span>Invasive species: Cats and Norway rats<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Introduced domestic cats and Norway rats are also an increasing threat to chameleons in Madagascar. Norway rats are not only displacing the native rats endemic to Madagascar. They also feed opportunistically on anything they can overpower and eat. As far as chameleons are concerned, Norway rats mainly feed on the eggs, which they dig up, eat and destroy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cats are often fed even by the poorest Madagascans but are not neutered, which is why they reproduce uncontrolled on the island. We have already been told by several Madagascans that cats sometimes even &#8220;specialize&#8221; in digging chameleon females and specifically search the ground for egg-laying chameleons in order to kill them. We have seen cats successfully hunt and kill panther chameleons and other common species on several occasions. Cats do not only help themselves to \u2018unwanted\u2019 rats and mice in houses. They are very successful at killing amphibians, reptiles and birds.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-16' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katzen-in-Andasibe.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katzen-in-Andasibe.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katzen-in-Andasibe-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katzen-in-Andasibe-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katzen-in-Andasibe-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katzen-in-Andasibe-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"679\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Ambilobe.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Ambilobe.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Ambilobe-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Ambilobe-768x521.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Ambilobe-420x285.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Ambilobe-81x55.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Sambava-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Sambava-1.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Sambava-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Sambava-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Sambava-1-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Sambava-1-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cats are, therefore, unfortunately, an increasing problem factor for the native species diversity in Madagascar. The following photos were taken in Andasibe, Ambilobe, and Sambava. We would have hundreds more. Even in the most remote regions of Madagascar, stray domestic cats have become native. Rats mainly prey on eggs, which they dig up, eat, and destroy.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Humans\"><\/span>Humans<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">By the way, although humans are not &#8220;real&#8221; predators, they are the biggest problem for chameleons in Madagascar. Many chameleons are losing their habitat due to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madamagazine.com\/english-tavy-kahlschlag-einer-insel\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">slash-and-burn agriculture<\/a> and logging by human hands. Not all species are able to survive in secondary vegetation without problems. Many Malagasy chameleon species depend on special habitats such as intact rainforest at a certain altitude or intact spiny forest.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Man has been destroying these chameleon habitats in Madagascar for many decades. Even designated protected areas are threatened with destruction because of the high and almost unstoppable poverty on Madagascar. And humans also kill by moving around: chameleons are regularly run over on Madagascar&#8217;s roads. Even though these are usually not rare species, the affected chameleons have died unnecessarily.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-17' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Mahajanga.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Mahajanga.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Mahajanga-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Mahajanga-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Mahajanga-420x315.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Mahajanga-81x61.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"892\" height=\"661\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-hinter-Vohimana-e1589394227623.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-hinter-Vohimana-e1589394227623.jpg 892w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-hinter-Vohimana-e1589394227623-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-hinter-Vohimana-e1589394227623-768x569.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-hinter-Vohimana-e1589394227623-420x311.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-hinter-Vohimana-e1589394227623-81x60.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 892px) 100vw, 892px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Ankarafantsika.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Ankarafantsika.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Ankarafantsika-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Ankarafantsika-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Ankarafantsika-420x315.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Ankarafantsika-81x61.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<h5 class=\"modern-footnotes-list-heading \">Literatur zu diesem Thema<\/h5><ul class=\"modern-footnotes-list \"><li><span>1<\/span><div>Jenkins Richard K.B., Rabearivony Jeanneney, Rakotomanana Hajanirina (2009): Predation on chameleons in Madagascar: a review. African Journal of Herpetology 58(2): 131-136. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madagasikara-voakajy.org\/17-predation-on-chameleons-in-madagascar-a-review\/file\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>2<\/span><div>Thorstrom Russel, Ren\u00e9 de Roland Lily-Arison (2000): First nest description, breeding behaviour and distribution of the Madagascar Serpent-Eagle <em>Eutriorchis astur<\/em>. Ibis 142: 217-224. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Russell-Thorstrom\/publication\/227780668_First_nest_description_breeding_behaviour_and_distribution_of_the_Madagascar_Serpent-Eagle_Eutriorchis_astur\/links\/5aba5685a6fdcc0e3d9ed722\/First-nest-description-breeding-behaviour-and-distribution-of-the-Madagascar-Serpent-Eagle-Eutriorchis-astur.pdf?origin=publicationSearch&amp;_rtd=e30%3D&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6ImhvbWUiLCJwYWdlIjoic2VhcmNoIiwicG9zaXRpb24iOiJwYWdlSGVhZGVyIn19\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>3<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L.-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Razafimanajato,R. H.R., Obenarimangason, H.R., Thorstrom, R. (2005): Breeding biology and diet of the banded kestrel <em>Falco zoniventris<\/em> on Masoala peninsula. Ostrich 76: 32-36. <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.peregrinefund.org\/docs\/pdf\/research-library\/2005\/2005-Rene-de-Roland-banded-kestrel.pdf\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>4<\/span><div>Moger, C. (2004): Birdwatching trip report. Available on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.birdtours.co.uk\/tripreports\/madagascar\/mad7\/mad-oct-04.htm\">http:\/\/www.birdtours.co.uk\/tripreports\/madagascar\/mad7\/mad-oct-04.htm<\/a> <\/div><\/li><li><span>5<\/span><div>Colebrook-Robjent, J.F.R. (1973): The breeding oft he Madagascar banded kestrel. Bulletin of the British Ornithology club 93: 108-111. <\/div><\/li><li><span>6<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>7<\/span><div>Thorstrom, R. (1999): A description of the nests, diet and behaviour of the banded kestrel. Ostrich 70: 149-151. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233084632_A_description_of_nests_diet_and_behaviour_of_the_Banded_Kestrel\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>8<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>9<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. Download<\/div><\/li><li><span>10<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. Download<\/div><\/li><li><span>11<\/span><div>Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>12<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. Download<\/div><\/li><li><span>13<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Randriamanga, I, Thorstrom, R. (2004): Nesting biology and diet of the Madagascar harrier (<em>Circus macrosceles<\/em>) in Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 38: 256-262. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2653&amp;context=jrr\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>14<\/span><div>Karpanty, S.M., Goodman, S.M. (1999): Diet of the Madagascar harrier-hawk <em>Polyboroides radiatus<\/em> in south-eastern Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 33: 313-316. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&amp;context=jrr\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>15<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Langrand, O.L. (1993): Food habits of the barn owl <em>Tyto alba<\/em> at three sites on Madagascar. Ostrich 64(4): 160-171. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/253784\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>16<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>17<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>18<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>19<\/span><div>Rakotomanana, H., Akamura, M.N., Yamagishi, S. (2001): Breeding ecology of the endemic hook-billed vanga, <em>Vanga curvirostris<\/em>, in Madagascar. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 33: 25-35. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/content\/documents\/ffae6799-245a-4c17-83f5-8de2f7dfe85e\/a7485c0e593947daa1949a8a38d094c8.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjN_MWai96SAxUKgP0HHZznCuMQFnoECCMQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw06gpoWWZ95kWpOzzQ8HlVs\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>20<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>21<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>22<\/span><div>Lamarca, G., Thorstrom, R. (1999): Breeding biology, diet and vocalization of the helmet vanga, <em>Euryceros prevostii<\/em>, on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Ostrich 71: 400-403. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/241723552_Breeding_biology_diet_and_vocalization_of_the_Helmet_Vanga_Euryceros_prevostii_on_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>23<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>24<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>25<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>26<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>27<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>28<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>29<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>30<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>31<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>32<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>33<\/span><div>Jenkins, R.K.B. (2001): Observations on the white-thorated rail <em>Dryolimnas cuvieri<\/em> in Madagascar. Scopus 21: 65-67. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>34<\/span><div>Raxworthy, C.J. (1988): Reptiles, rainforest and conservation in Madagascar. Biological Conservation 43: 181-211. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/22695171\/Reptiles_rainforest_and_conservation_in_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>35<\/span><div>D&#8217;Cruze, N., Abel J.S. (2005): Ptychadena mascarienensis (Mascarene Ridged Frog): predation on an endemic Malagasy chameleon. Herpetological Bulletin 93: 26-27. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebhs.org\/publications\/the-herpetological-bulletin\/issue-number-93-autumn-2005\/2984-hb093-08\/file\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>36<\/span><div>Vences, M., Glaw, F.G., Zapp, C. (1999): Stomach content analyses in Malagasy frogs in the genera Tomopterna, Aglyptodactylus, Boopis and Mantidactylus. Herpetozoa 11: 109-116. <a href=\"https:\/\/mvences.de\/p\/p2\/Vences_B44.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>37<\/span><div>Oda, R. (1996): Predation on a chameleon by a ring-tailed lemur (<em>Lemur catta<\/em>) in the Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Folia Primatologica 67(1): 40-43. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/239783040_Predation_on_a_Chameleon_by_a_Ring-Tailed_Lemur_Lemur_catta_in_the_Berenty_Reserve_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>38<\/span><div>Sch\u00fctt, P. (2008): Analysis of road kill data from Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar. Masters project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management degree in the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences of Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. <a href=\"https:\/\/dukespace.lib.duke.edu\/items\/69cef114-e0e5-4a17-b9b4-9050adc83913\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>39<\/span><div>Ramsay M.S., Mercado Malabet, F., Ravelonjanahary H.N., Razafindrakoto, A., Lehman, S.M. (2024): Spatial patterns of roadkill within Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar. Austral Ecology 49: e13531. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aec.13531\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>40<\/span><div>Thorstrom Russel, Ren\u00e9 de Roland Lily-Arison (200): First nest description, breeding behaviour and distribution of the Madagascar Serpent-Eagle Eutriorchis astur. Ibis 142: 217-224. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Russell-Thorstrom\/publication\/227780668_First_nest_description_breeding_behaviour_and_distribution_of_the_Madagascar_Serpent-Eagle_Eutriorchis_astur\/links\/5aba5685a6fdcc0e3d9ed722\/First-nest-description-breeding-behaviour-and-distribution-of-the-Madagascar-Serpent-Eagle-Eutriorchis-astur.pdf?origin=publicationSearch&amp;_rtd=e30%3D&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6ImhvbWUiLCJwYWdlIjoic2VhcmNoIiwicG9zaXRpb24iOiJwYWdlSGVhZGVyIn19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>41<\/span><div>Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>42<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L.-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Razafimanajato,R. H.R., Obenarimangason, H.R., Thorstrom, R. (2005): Breeding biology and diet of the banded kestrel Falco zoniventris on Masoala peninsula. Ostrich 76: 32-36. <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.peregrinefund.org\/docs\/pdf\/research-library\/2005\/2005-Rene-de-Roland-banded-kestrel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>43<\/span><div>Thorstrom, R. (1999): A description of the nests, diet and behaviour of the banded kestrel. Ostrich 70: 149-151. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233084632_A_description_of_nests_diet_and_behaviour_of_the_Banded_Kestrel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>44<\/span><div>Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>45<\/span><div>Rakotomanana, H., Akamura, M.N., Yamagishi, S. (2001): Breeding ecology of the endemic hook-billed vanga, <em>Vanga curvirostris<\/em>, in Madagascar. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 33: 25-35. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/content\/documents\/ffae6799-245a-4c17-83f5-8de2f7dfe85e\/a7485c0e593947daa1949a8a38d094c8.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjN_MWai96SAxUKgP0HHZznCuMQFnoECCMQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw06gpoWWZ95kWpOzzQ8HlVs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>46<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Randriamanga, I, Thorstrom, R. (2004): Nesting biology and diet of the Madagascar harrier (<em>Circus macrosceles<\/em>) in Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 38: 256-262. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2653&amp;context=jrr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>47<\/span><div>Karpanty, S.M., Goodman, S.M. (1999): Diet of the Madagascar harrier-hawk <em>Polyboroides radiatus<\/em> in south-eastern Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 33: 313-316. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&amp;context=jrr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>48<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Langrand, O.L. (1993): Food habits of the barn owl <em>Tyto alba<\/em> at three sites on Madagascar. Ostrich 64(4): 160-171. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/253784\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>49<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>50<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>51<\/span><div>Lamarca, G., Thorstrom, R. (1999): Breeding biology, diet and vocalization of the helmet vanga, <em>Euryceros prevostii<\/em>, on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Ostrich 71: 400-403. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/241723552_Breeding_biology_diet_and_vocalization_of_the_Helmet_Vanga_Euryceros_prevostii_on_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>52<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>53<\/span><div>Raxworthy, C.J. (1988): Reptiles, rainforest and conservation in Madagascar. Biological Conservation 43: 181-211. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/22695171\/Reptiles_rainforest_and_conservation_in_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>54<\/span><div>Thorstrom Russel, Ren\u00e9 de Roland Lily-Arison (200): First nest description, breeding behaviour and distribution of the Madagascar Serpent-Eagle Eutriorchis astur. Ibis 142: 217-224. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Russell-Thorstrom\/publication\/227780668_First_nest_description_breeding_behaviour_and_distribution_of_the_Madagascar_Serpent-Eagle_Eutriorchis_astur\/links\/5aba5685a6fdcc0e3d9ed722\/First-nest-description-breeding-behaviour-and-distribution-of-the-Madagascar-Serpent-Eagle-Eutriorchis-astur.pdf?origin=publicationSearch&amp;_rtd=e30%3D&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6ImhvbWUiLCJwYWdlIjoic2VhcmNoIiwicG9zaXRpb24iOiJwYWdlSGVhZGVyIn19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>55<\/span><div>Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>56<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L.-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Razafimanajato,R. H.R., Obenarimangason, H.R., Thorstrom, R. (2005): Breeding biology and diet of the banded kestrel Falco zoniventris on Masoala peninsula. Ostrich 76: 32-36. <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.peregrinefund.org\/docs\/pdf\/research-library\/2005\/2005-Rene-de-Roland-banded-kestrel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>57<\/span><div>Thorstrom, R. (1999): A description of the nests, diet and behaviour of the banded kestrel. Ostrich 70: 149-151. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233084632_A_description_of_nests_diet_and_behaviour_of_the_Banded_Kestrel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>58<\/span><div>Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>59<\/span><div>Rakotomanana, H., Akamura, M.N., Yamagishi, S. (2001): Breeding ecology of the endemic hook-billed vanga, <em>Vanga curvirostris<\/em>, in Madagascar. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 33: 25-35. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/content\/documents\/ffae6799-245a-4c17-83f5-8de2f7dfe85e\/a7485c0e593947daa1949a8a38d094c8.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjN_MWai96SAxUKgP0HHZznCuMQFnoECCMQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw06gpoWWZ95kWpOzzQ8HlVs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>60<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Randriamanga, I, Thorstrom, R. (2004): Nesting biology and diet of the Madagascar harrier (<em>Circus macrosceles<\/em>) in Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 38: 256-262. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2653&amp;context=jrr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>61<\/span><div>Karpanty, S.M., Goodman, S.M. (1999) : Diet of the Madagascar harrier-hawk <em>Polyboroides radiatus<\/em> in south-eastern Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 33 : 313-316. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&amp;context=jrr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>62<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Langrand, O.L. (1993): Food habits of the barn owl <em>Tyto alba<\/em> at three sites on Madagascar. Ostrich 64(4): 160-171. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/253784\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>63<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>64<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>65<\/span><div>Lamarca, G., Thorstrom, R. (1999): Breeding biology, diet and vocalization of the helmet vanga, <em>Euryceros prevostii<\/em>, on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Ostrich 71: 400-403. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/241723552_Breeding_biology_diet_and_vocalization_of_the_Helmet_Vanga_Euryceros_prevostii_on_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>66<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><li><span>67<\/span><div>Raxworthy, C.J. (1988): Reptiles, rainforest and conservation in Madagascar. Biological Conservation 43: 181-211. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/22695171\/Reptiles_rainforest_and_conservation_in_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The knowledge about predators of Malagasy chameleons comes mainly from anecdotal reports and so far less systematic research. Also, we observe from time to time how chameleons become victims of other animals in the wilderness of Madagascar. Jenkins, Rabearivony, and Rakotomanana have published the only overview on this topic so far in 2009. We have compiled this article to reflect the current knowledge about the predators of Madagascan chameleons. It can currently be assumed that birds and snakes are the main predators of chameleons in Madagascar. Birds Among the birds, two birds of prey are particularly noteworthy: The Serpent-Eagle (Eutriorchis astur) and the banded kestrel. Chameleons seem to make up a very large part of the diet of these two species. Both hunt mainly in treetops, which predestines chameleons as tree-dwellers for suitable food. In he Serpent-Eagle, it was observed during a breeding time in the rainy season that almost 50% of the prey consisted of chameleons . Serpent-Eagles usually sit on a perch and observe the surroundings from there. If they discover worthwhile prey, they fly towards it and grab the prey with their strong claws. Chameleons are usually pierced and killed. With the prey, the Eagles fly back&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9465,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[42,2545],"tags":[1914,1955,1924,1925,1929,1926,1934,1899,1898,1900,1907,1911,1912,334,1918,1958,1944,1941,1960,1913,637,1967,1968,1943,1908,1927,1928,1933,1905,1939,1922,1906,1975,1972,1974,1771,1923,1959,1963,1954,1965,1915,1961,1932,1919,1949,1948,1969,1664,1964,1970,1937,1950,1910,1938,1942,1917,1946,1930,1976,1971,1947,1956,1935,1953,1951,1920,1901,1966,1945,1977,1903,1902,1904,1940,1952,1973,1909,1957,1916,1837,1921,1936,1962,1931],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9434"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9434"}],"version-history":[{"count":170,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9434\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15589,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9434\/revisions\/15589"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9465"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9434"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9434"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9434"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}