{"id":9434,"date":"2020-05-10T20:51:47","date_gmt":"2020-05-10T18:51:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/?p=9434"},"modified":"2026-10-11T13:39:29","modified_gmt":"2026-10-11T11:39:29","slug":"fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/","title":{"rendered":"Chameleon predators"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_89 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Inhaltsverzeichnis<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6ad5d1aa7fdff\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6ad5d1aa7fdff\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Birds\" >Birds<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Diurnal_Birds_of_Prey\" >Diurnal Birds of Prey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Nocturnal_birds_of_prey\" >Nocturnal birds of prey<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Vangas\" >Vangas<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Ground_rollers\" >Ground rollers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Couas\" >Couas<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Other_Birds\" >Other Birds<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Snakes\" >Snakes<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Colubridae_%E2%80%93_typical_snakes\" >Colubridae \u2013 typical snakes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Night_Snakes_Ithycyphus\" >Night Snakes (Ithycyphus)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Malagasy_Cat-eyed_Snakes_Madagascarophis\" >Malagasy Cat-eyed Snakes (Madagascarophis)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Big-eyed_Snakes_Mimophis\" >Big-eyed Snakes (Mimophis)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Big-headed_Snakes_Compsophis\" >Big-headed Snakes (Compsophis)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Parastenophis_betsileanus\" >Parastenophis betsileanus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Brook_Snakes_Pseudoxyrhopus\" >Brook Snakes (Pseudoxyrhopus)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Madagascar_Giant_Hognose_Snake_Leioheterodon_madagascariensis\" >Madagascar Giant Hognose Snake (Leioheterodon madagascariensis)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Leaf-nosed_Snakes_Langaha_madagascariensis\" >Leaf-nosed Snakes (Langaha madagascariensis)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Cannibalism\" >Cannibalism<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Frogs\" >Frogs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Invertebrates\" >Invertebrates<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Lemurs\" >Lemurs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Ring-tailed_lemur_Lemur_catta_and_Red_lemur_Eulemur_rufus\" >Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) and Red lemur (Eulemur rufus)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Lemur_hybrids\" >Lemur hybrids<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Madame_Berthes_mouse_lemur_Microcebus_berthae\" >Madame Berthe&#8217;s mouse lemur (Microcebus berthae)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Grey_mouse_lemur_Microcebus_murinus\" >Grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Rufous_mouse_lemur_Microcebus_rufus\" >Rufous mouse lemur (Microcebus rufus)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Fat-tailed_dwarf_lemur_Cheirogaleus_medius\" >Fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Coquerels_dwarf_lemur_Mirza_coquereli\" >Coquerel&#8217;s dwarf lemur (Mirza coquereli)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Other_mammals\" >Other mammals<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Fossa_Cryptoprocta_ferox\" >Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/#Literatur_zu_diesem_Thema\" >Literatur zu diesem Thema<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p class=\"dropcap\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Most of what is known about the predators of Madagascan chameleons comes from anecdotal reports rather than systematic research. We, too, occasionally observe chameleons falling prey to other animals in the wild in Madagascar. In 2009, Jenkins, Rabearivony, and Rakotomanana published the only review on the subject to date<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-78\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"76\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-78\">76<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"76\">Jenkins Richard K.B., Rabearivony Jeanneney, Rakotomanana Hajanirina (2009): Predation on chameleons in Madagascar: a review. African Journal of Herpetology 58(2): 131-136. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madagasikara-voakajy.org\/17-predation-on-chameleons-in-madagascar-a-review\/file\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> We have compiled this article to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the predators of Malagasy chameleons. It is currently believed that, in Madagascar, chameleons are primarily preyed upon by birds and snakes. \n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Birds\"><\/span>Birds<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Birds are the main predators of Malagasy chameleons. Other predators are far less numerous. Countless observations report a wide variety of bird species that occasionally or even regularly prey on chameleons.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Diurnal_Birds_of_Prey\"><\/span>Diurnal Birds of Prey<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_15567\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15567\" class=\"wp-image-15567 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eutriorchis-astur-public-domain-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"Zeichnung eines Eutriorchis astur (Geckoweih).\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eutriorchis-astur-public-domain-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eutriorchis-astur-public-domain-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eutriorchis-astur-public-domain-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eutriorchis-astur-public-domain-81x122.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eutriorchis-astur-public-domain.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-15567\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drawing of an <em>Eutriorchis astur <\/em>&#8211; there are only very few photos available worldwide<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Among birds, two birds of prey are particularly noteworthy: the Madagascar Serpent Eagle (<em>Eutriorchis astur<\/em>) and the Banded Kestrel. Chameleons appear to make up a very large proportion of the diet of both of these species. Both hunt primarily in tree canopies, which makes chameleons\u2014as tree-dwelling creatures\u2014ideal prey. During the rainy-season breeding season, researchers observed that nearly 50% of the Serpent Eagle\u2019s prey consisted of chameleons.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-79\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"77\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-79\">77<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"77\">Thorstrom Russel, Ren\u00e9 de Roland Lily-Arison (2000): First nest description, breeding behaviour and distribution of the Madagascar Serpent-Eagle <em>Eutriorchis astur<\/em>. Ibis 142: 217-224. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Russell-Thorstrom\/publication\/227780668_First_nest_description_breeding_behaviour_and_distribution_of_the_Madagascar_Serpent-Eagle_Eutriorchis_astur\/links\/5aba5685a6fdcc0e3d9ed722\/First-nest-description-breeding-behaviour-and-distribution-of-the-Madagascar-Serpent-Eagle-Eutriorchis-astur.pdf?origin=publicationSearch&amp;_rtd=e30%3D&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6ImhvbWUiLCJwYWdlIjoic2VhcmNoIiwicG9zaXRpb24iOiJwYWdlSGVhZGVyIn19\">Download<\/a><\/span>. Madgascar Serpent Eagle They usually perch on a high branch and survey their surroundings from there. When they spot worthwhile prey, they fly toward it and seize it with their powerful talons. In the process, they usually pierce and kill chameleons. Carrying their prey, the Serpent Eagles fly back to their vantage point to eat it piece by piece. They primarily bring decapitated reptiles back to the nest for the chicks. Incidentally, the Serpent Eagle leads a very secretive life, and only a few places in Madagascar allow it to be observed. Since its population is shrinking rapidly, this bird of prey is now considered <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/madagassische-chamaeleons-auf-der-roten-liste-gefaehrdeter-tierarten\/\">critically endangered<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In some parts of Madagascar, the Banded Kestrel (<em>Falco zoniventris<\/em>) was once thought to hunt exclusively chameleons. In the Masoala rainforest, chameleons do in fact make up as much as 50% of the Banded Kestrel\u2019s diet.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-80\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"78\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-80\">78<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"78\">Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L.-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Razafimanajato,R. H.R., Obenarimangason, H.R., Thorstrom, R. (2005): Breeding biology and diet of the banded kestrel <em>Falco zoniventris<\/em> on Masoala peninsula. Ostrich 76: 32-36. <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.peregrinefund.org\/docs\/pdf\/research-library\/2005\/2005-Rene-de-Roland-banded-kestrel.pdf\">Download<\/a><\/span> Whether in Ifaty in southwestern Madagascar or Marojejy in the northeast of the island, Banded Kestrels have been observed feeding on chameleons everywhere.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-81\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"79\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-81\">79<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"79\">Moger, C. (2004): Birdwatching trip report. Available on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.birdtours.co.uk\/tripreports\/madagascar\/mad7\/mad-oct-04.htm\">http:\/\/www.birdtours.co.uk\/tripreports\/madagascar\/mad7\/mad-oct-04.htm<\/a> <\/span> <sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-82\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"80\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-82\">80<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"80\">Colebrook-Robjent, J.F.R. (1973): The breeding oft he Madagascar banded kestrel. Bulletin of the British Ornithology club 93: 108-111. <\/span> In fact, studies of stomach contents conducted nearly 90 years ago already reported that chameleons were preyed upon by the Banded Kestrel in northeastern Madagascar.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-83\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"81\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-83\">81<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"81\">Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> However, observations from other regions of Madagascar suggest that chameleons are only a small part of the Banded Kestrel&#8217;s very wide range of potential prey.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-84\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"82\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-84\">82<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"82\">Thorstrom, R. (1999): A description of the nests, diet and behaviour of the banded kestrel. Ostrich 70: 149-151. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233084632_A_description_of_nests_diet_and_behaviour_of_the_Banded_Kestrel\">Download<\/a><\/span> It appears that, depending on availability, this bird of prey may feed more on insects, more on chameleons and geckos, or more on small birds. For this reason, the Banded Kestrel is no longer considered an exclusively chameleon-eating species. Due to its vast range, the Banded Kestrel is not considered endangered. It is regularly sighted in Madagascar.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chameleons are strongly suspected to be among the potential prey of Frances&#8217; Sparrowhawk (<em>Tachyspiza francesii<\/em>). Studies have shown that up to 42% of its prey consists of reptiles. Unfortunately, these were not further identified\u2014chameleons could very well have been among them. To date, a chameleon has been found in the stomach of a Frances&#8217; Sparrowhawk only once, although in the same study, none of the other Frances&#8217; Sparrowhawks examined had eaten chameleons.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-85\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"83\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-85\">83<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"83\">Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<div id='gallery-8' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Falco-zoniventris-banded-kestrel-in-Ankarafantsika-Madagascar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-683x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-8-15570\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Falco-zoniventris-banded-kestrel-in-Ankarafantsika-Madagascar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Falco-zoniventris-banded-kestrel-in-Ankarafantsika-Madagascar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Falco-zoniventris-banded-kestrel-in-Ankarafantsika-Madagascar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Falco-zoniventris-banded-kestrel-in-Ankarafantsika-Madagascar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Falco-zoniventris-banded-kestrel-in-Ankarafantsika-Madagascar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Falco-zoniventris-banded-kestrel-in-Ankarafantsika-Madagascar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Falco-zoniventris-banded-kestrel-in-Ankarafantsika-Madagascar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-81x121.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Falco-zoniventris-banded-kestrel-in-Ankarafantsika-Madagascar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro.jpg 1249w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-8-15570'>\n\t\t\t\tFalco zoniventris in Ankarafantsika\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Tachyspiza-francesiae-Echsenhabicht-fotografiert-in-Akaninny-Nofy-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-683x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-8-15571\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Tachyspiza-francesiae-Echsenhabicht-fotografiert-in-Akaninny-Nofy-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Tachyspiza-francesiae-Echsenhabicht-fotografiert-in-Akaninny-Nofy-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Tachyspiza-francesiae-Echsenhabicht-fotografiert-in-Akaninny-Nofy-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Tachyspiza-francesiae-Echsenhabicht-fotografiert-in-Akaninny-Nofy-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Tachyspiza-francesiae-Echsenhabicht-fotografiert-in-Akaninny-Nofy-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Tachyspiza-francesiae-Echsenhabicht-fotografiert-in-Akaninny-Nofy-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-81x122.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Tachyspiza-francesiae-Echsenhabicht-fotografiert-in-Akaninny-Nofy-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-8-15571'>\n\t\t\t\tTachyspiza francesiae in Akanin&#8217;ny Nofy\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"682\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Buteo-brachypterus-Madagaskar-Bussard-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar-682x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-8-15572\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Buteo-brachypterus-Madagaskar-Bussard-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar-682x1024.jpg 682w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Buteo-brachypterus-Madagaskar-Bussard-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Buteo-brachypterus-Madagaskar-Bussard-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Buteo-brachypterus-Madagaskar-Bussard-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Buteo-brachypterus-Madagaskar-Bussard-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Buteo-brachypterus-Madagaskar-Bussard-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Buteo-brachypterus-Madagaskar-Bussard-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar-81x122.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Buteo-brachypterus-Madagaskar-Bussard-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar.jpg 1129w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-8-15572'>\n\t\t\t\tButeo brachypterus in Kirindy\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Madagascar cuckoo-hawk (<em>Aviceda madagascariensis<\/em>) is also believed to feed on chameleons. This assumption is based on studies of stomach contents, which revealed chameleons in nearly three-quarters of the birds examined.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-86\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"84\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-86\">84<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"84\">Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. Download<\/span> Recent studies have not yet been able to confirm this through observations. It is therefore still unclear whether this is a chance finding or whether the cuckoo-hawk really does catch a large portion of its prey among chameleons.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Madagascar Buzzard (<em>Buteo brachypterus<\/em>) is found in nearly all habitats in Madagascar. In the Analalava rainforest near Mahavelona on the east coast, researchers observed a Madagascar Buzzard decapitating a chameleon and eating its head. The bird of prey then carried the chameleon\u2019s body back to its nest to feed it to two chicks.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-87\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"85\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-87\">85<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"85\">Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. Download<\/span> Additional Madagascar Buzzards were observed in a long-term study in Masoala. About 11% of their prey consisted of chameleons.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-88\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"86\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-88\">86<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"86\">Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">Download<\/a><\/span> At the beginning of the 20th century, scientists arrived at a slightly higher estimate after discovering that about 20% of the contents of dead Buzzards&#8217; stomachs consisted of chameleons.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-89\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"87\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-89\">87<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"87\">Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. Download<\/span>\u00a0Further observations from Ankarafantsika indicate that more than 17 skulls of killed <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> were found in a single Madagascar Buzzard&#8217;s nest.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-90\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"88\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-90\">88<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"88\"> Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448.<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Madagascar harrier (<em>Circus macrosceles<\/em>) feeds on chameleons in Ambohitantely in the northern highlands only to a very small extent.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-91\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"89\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-91\">89<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"89\">Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Randriamanga, I, Thorstrom, R. (2004): Nesting biology and diet of the Madagascar harrier (<em>Circus macrosceles<\/em>) in Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 38: 256-262. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2653&amp;context=jrr\">Download<\/a><\/span>\u00a0The Madagascar harrier-hawk (<em>Polyboroides radiatus<\/em>) appears to hunt chameleons just as rarely in Berenty, in the far southeast of the island. In one study, <em>Furcifer major<\/em> accounted for only 0.1% of the prey brought to the nest by the breeding partner.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-92\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"90\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-92\">90<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"90\">Karpanty, S.M., Goodman, S.M. (1999): Diet of the Madagascar harrier-hawk <em>Polyboroides radiatus<\/em> in south-eastern Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 33: 313-316. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&amp;context=jrr\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nocturnal_birds_of_prey\"><\/span>Nocturnal birds of prey<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nocturnal birds of prey, particularly owls, seem to prey on chameleons only rarely\u2014presumably because chameleons sleep at night and, when motionless, are harder to spot as prey.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">To date, the remains of chameleons have been found only once in the pellets of the barn owl (<em>Tyto alba<\/em>)\u2014even though the species is found in areas with very high chameleon populations, such as the east coast of Madagascar. The single specimen in question was likely a young <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em> or a <em>Furcifer major<\/em> that had been captured during the rainy season in Beza-Mahafaly in southwestern Madagascar.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-93\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"91\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-93\">91<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"91\">Goodman, S.M., Langrand, O.L. (1993): Food habits of the barn owl <em>Tyto alba<\/em> at three sites on Madagascar. Ostrich 64(4): 160-171. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/253784\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<div id='gallery-9' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"453\" height=\"682\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Athene-superciliaris-CC-0-e1791368680378.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-9-16121\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Athene-superciliaris-CC-0-e1791368680378.jpg 453w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Athene-superciliaris-CC-0-e1791368680378-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Athene-superciliaris-CC-0-e1791368680378-420x632.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Athene-superciliaris-CC-0-e1791368680378-81x122.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Athene-superciliaris-CC-0-e1791368680378-200x301.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 453px) 100vw, 453px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-9-16121'>\n\t\t\t\tAthene superciliaris in Ifaty\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Otus-rutilus-auf-Nosy-Be-683x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-9-16122\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Otus-rutilus-auf-Nosy-Be-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Otus-rutilus-auf-Nosy-Be-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Otus-rutilus-auf-Nosy-Be-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Otus-rutilus-auf-Nosy-Be-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Otus-rutilus-auf-Nosy-Be-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Otus-rutilus-auf-Nosy-Be-81x122.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Otus-rutilus-auf-Nosy-Be.jpg 1018w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-9-16122'>\n\t\t\t\tOtus rutilus auf Nosy Be\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Otus-rutilus-Jungtier-in-Maromizaha-683x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-9-16123\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Otus-rutilus-Jungtier-in-Maromizaha-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Otus-rutilus-Jungtier-in-Maromizaha-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Otus-rutilus-Jungtier-in-Maromizaha-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Otus-rutilus-Jungtier-in-Maromizaha-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Otus-rutilus-Jungtier-in-Maromizaha-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Otus-rutilus-Jungtier-in-Maromizaha-81x122.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Otus-rutilus-Jungtier-in-Maromizaha.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-9-16123'>\n\t\t\t\tJungtier von Otus rutilus\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The relatively small White-browed Owl (<em>Athene superciliaris<\/em>), which is found in nearly all of Madagascar&#8217;s coastal regions, has also been documented only once so far as having consumed a chameleon.[mn]Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a>[\/mfn]\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Madagascar Scops Owl (<em>Otus rutilus<\/em>), another fairly common species, was observed only once while feeding on a small chameleon of the genus <em>Calumma<\/em> in Andohahela.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-94\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"92\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-94\">92<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"92\">Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vangas\"><\/span>Vangas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The songbirds known as vangas are found only in Madagascar and the neighboring Comoros. Like Darwin\u2019s finches on the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, they have evolved over centuries into numerous species that occupy specific ecological niches. Today, there are 39 species, which could hardly look more different from one another.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_15575\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15575\" class=\"wp-image-15575 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Vanga-curvirostris-hook-billed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Ankarafantsika-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Vanga-curvirostris-hook-billed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Ankarafantsika-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Vanga-curvirostris-hook-billed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Ankarafantsika-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Vanga-curvirostris-hook-billed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Ankarafantsika-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Vanga-curvirostris-hook-billed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Ankarafantsika-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Vanga-curvirostris-hook-billed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Ankarafantsika-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Vanga-curvirostris-hook-billed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Ankarafantsika-81x122.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Vanga-curvirostris-hook-billed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Ankarafantsika.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-15575\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hook-billed vanga in Ankarafantsika in western Madagascar<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hook-billed Vangas (<em>Vanga curvirostris<\/em>) appear to regularly eat chameleons. They catch the chameleons with their beaks and then slam them against a branch to kill them. In Manantantely in southeastern Madagascar, it has been observed on several occasions that Hook-billed Vangas wedge dead chameleons headfirst into forked branches to make it easier to tear them apart.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-95\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"93\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-95\">93<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"93\">Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> An observational study of Hook-billed Vangas in Ankarafantsika in northwestern Madagascar found that chameleons accounted for just over 10% of their prey.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-96\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"94\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-96\">94<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"94\">Rakotomanana, H., Akamura, M.N., Yamagishi, S. (2001): Breeding ecology of the endemic hook-billed vanga, <em>Vanga curvirostris<\/em>, in Madagascar. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 33: 25-35. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/content\/documents\/ffae6799-245a-4c17-83f5-8de2f7dfe85e\/a7485c0e593947daa1949a8a38d094c8.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjN_MWai96SAxUKgP0HHZznCuMQFnoECCMQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw06gpoWWZ95kWpOzzQ8HlVs\">Download<\/a><\/span>. Adult birds fed their chicks in the nest with <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>, and <em>Brookesia decaryi<\/em>\u2014that is, all of the more common species found in the local dry forest. In addition, the Hook-billed Vangas fed their chicks many small pieces of meat that had already been shredded; the authors speculate that a significant portion of this might also have consisted of chameleons. An older study found chameleons in the majority of the Hook-billed Vanga stomachs examined from northern Madagascar.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-97\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"95\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-97\">95<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"95\">Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In stark contrast, the White-capped Vanga (<em>Artamella viridis<\/em>) appears to prey on chameleons only when the opportunity arises. <sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-98\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"96\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-98\">96<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"96\">Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<div id=\"attachment_15576\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15576\" class=\"wp-image-15576 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Artamella-viridis-white-headed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Wei\u00dfkopfvanga in Kirindy\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Artamella-viridis-white-headed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Artamella-viridis-white-headed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Artamella-viridis-white-headed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Artamella-viridis-white-headed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar-1157x771.jpg 1157w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Artamella-viridis-white-headed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Artamella-viridis-white-headed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Artamella-viridis-white-headed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Artamella-viridis-white-headed-Vanga-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-in-Kirindy-Madagaskar.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-15576\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A White-capped Vanga in Kirindy<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Several sightings of Helmet Vangas (<em>Euryceros prevostii<\/em>) have been reported from the Masoala rainforest, where leaf chameleons\u2014presumably <em>Brookesia griveaudi<\/em>\u2014were either fed to chicks or eaten by adult birds themselves.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-99\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"97\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-99\">97<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"97\">Lamarca, G., Thorstrom, R. (1999): Breeding biology, diet and vocalization of the helmet vanga, <em>Euryceros prevostii<\/em>, on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Ostrich 71: 400-403. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/241723552_Breeding_biology_diet_and_vocalization_of_the_Helmet_Vanga_Euryceros_prevostii_on_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a><\/span><sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-100\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"98\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-100\">98<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"98\">Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a><\/span> Overall, however, chameleons accounted for only slightly more than 1% of the diet of the Helmet Vanguas observed\u2014insects were the most common prey.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ground_rollers\"><\/span>Ground rollers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Leaf chameleons are generally less likely to fall prey to birds. But even these small and inconspicuous chameleons are repeatedly attacked and eaten by birds searching for food in the foliage. The Short-legged ground roller (<em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em>) was observed in the Masoala rainforest feeding on leaf chameleons of the genus <em>Brookesia<\/em> in about 7% of cases.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-101\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"99\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-101\">99<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"99\">Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\">Download<\/a><\/span>. Medium-sized chameleons and their young accounted for less than 1% of their diet. On the central east coast, chameleons were also found in the stomachs of Short-legged ground rollers.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-102\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"100\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-102\">100<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"100\">Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Scaly ground roller (<em>Geobiastes squamiger<\/em>) was also spotted in Masoala feeding on leaf chameleons.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-103\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"101\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-103\">101<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"101\">Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a><\/span> Both species of ground rollers move primarily along the ground, keeping a close watch for even the slightest movements in the leaf litter. When they spot potential prey, they sprint to the spot and use their beaks to turn over leaves until they find it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A third species of ground rollers that hunts chameleons is the Pitta-like ground roller (<em>Atelornis pittoides<\/em>). However, it feeds primarily on insects and only occasionally catches a leaf chameleon.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-104\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"102\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-104\">102<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"102\">Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\">Download<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-10' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Geobiastes-squamiger-Scaly-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-2-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-10-15579\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Geobiastes-squamiger-Scaly-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-2-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Geobiastes-squamiger-Scaly-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Geobiastes-squamiger-Scaly-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Geobiastes-squamiger-Scaly-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-2-1157x771.jpg 1157w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Geobiastes-squamiger-Scaly-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-2-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Geobiastes-squamiger-Scaly-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-2-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Geobiastes-squamiger-Scaly-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-2-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Geobiastes-squamiger-Scaly-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-2.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-10-15579'>\n\t\t\t\tSchuppen-Erdracke mit einem Frosch als Beute im Regenwald\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Attelornis-pittoides-Pitta-like-ground-roller-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-10-15578\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Attelornis-pittoides-Pitta-like-ground-roller-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Attelornis-pittoides-Pitta-like-ground-roller-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Attelornis-pittoides-Pitta-like-ground-roller-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Attelornis-pittoides-Pitta-like-ground-roller-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-1157x771.jpg 1157w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Attelornis-pittoides-Pitta-like-ground-roller-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Attelornis-pittoides-Pitta-like-ground-roller-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Attelornis-pittoides-Pitta-like-ground-roller-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Attelornis-pittoides-Pitta-like-ground-roller-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-10-15578'>\n\t\t\t\tBlaukopf-Erdracke in Mantadia im zentralen Osten Madagaskars\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Brachypteracias-leptosomus-Short-legged-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-10-15580\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Brachypteracias-leptosomus-Short-legged-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Brachypteracias-leptosomus-Short-legged-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Brachypteracias-leptosomus-Short-legged-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Brachypteracias-leptosomus-Short-legged-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-1157x771.jpg 1157w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Brachypteracias-leptosomus-Short-legged-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Brachypteracias-leptosomus-Short-legged-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Brachypteracias-leptosomus-Short-legged-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Brachypteracias-leptosomus-Short-legged-ground-roller-fotografiert-in-Mantadia-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-10-15580'>\n\t\t\t\tBindenerdracke, ebenfalls in Mantadia fotografiert\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Couas\"><\/span>Couas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Couas are endemic to Madagascar and a popular subject for birdwatchers to photograph. They are considered omnivores, so chameleons should be on the menu for quite a few species. In fact, however, only two of the nine currently known species are known to eat chameleons.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">One of these is the Crested Coua (<em>Coua cristata<\/em>), which lives in the arid western region of Madagascar. Researchers have observed this beautiful bird carrying chameleons in its beak.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-105\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"103\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-105\">103<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"103\">Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\u00a0On another occasion, a Crested Coua in Ankarafantsika ate a female <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-106\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"104\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-106\">104<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"104\"> Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448.<\/span> It was observed how the bird literally pecked the chameleon off the branch, then picked it up from the ground and ate it.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-11' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-cristata-crested-Coua-in-Ankarafantsika-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-Madagaskar-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-11-15583\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-cristata-crested-Coua-in-Ankarafantsika-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-Madagaskar-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-cristata-crested-Coua-in-Ankarafantsika-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-Madagaskar-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-cristata-crested-Coua-in-Ankarafantsika-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-Madagaskar-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-cristata-crested-Coua-in-Ankarafantsika-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-Madagaskar-1157x771.jpg 1157w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-cristata-crested-Coua-in-Ankarafantsika-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-Madagaskar-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-cristata-crested-Coua-in-Ankarafantsika-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-Madagaskar-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-cristata-crested-Coua-in-Ankarafantsika-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-Madagaskar-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-cristata-crested-Coua-in-Ankarafantsika-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-Madagaskar.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-11-15583'>\n\t\t\t\tCoua cristata in Ankarafantsika\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-caerulea-blue-Coua-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-11-15582\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-caerulea-blue-Coua-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-caerulea-blue-Coua-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-caerulea-blue-Coua-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-caerulea-blue-Coua-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-1157x771.jpg 1157w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-caerulea-blue-Coua-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-caerulea-blue-Coua-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-caerulea-blue-Coua-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coua-caerulea-blue-Coua-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-11-15582'>\n\t\t\t\tCoua caerulea in Analamazaotra\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The second chameleon-eater among the silk cuckoos is the Blue Coua (<em>Coua caerulea<\/em>). An individual of this species was observed in the Andohahela rainforest in southeastern Madagascar holding a small <em>Calumma<\/em> species in its beak and feeding it to its mate.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-107\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"105\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-107\">105<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"105\">Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> An older report also confirms that Blue Couas occasionally prey on small chameleons.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-108\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"106\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-108\">106<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"106\">Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Other_Birds\"><\/span>Other Birds<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">At first glance, the Cuckoo-roller (<em>Leptosomus discolor<\/em>)\u2014a bird resembling a ground roller \u2014 would seem predestined to eat small terrestrial chameleons from time to time, just like ground rollers do. In reality, however, the Cuckoo-roller flies much more than Madagascar\u2019s ground rollers and hunts primarily in the treetops. Only a single study, conducted many years ago, found medium-sized chameleons in over 20% of the birds examined.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-109\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"107\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-109\">107<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"107\">Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> Since then, chameleons have been considered prey of the Cuckoo-roller in Madagascar, even though there have been no further sightings.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-12' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"692\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Leptosomus-discolor-von-inaturalist-keine-Rechte-vorbehalten-1024x692.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-12-15585\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Leptosomus-discolor-von-inaturalist-keine-Rechte-vorbehalten-1024x692.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Leptosomus-discolor-von-inaturalist-keine-Rechte-vorbehalten-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Leptosomus-discolor-von-inaturalist-keine-Rechte-vorbehalten-768x519.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Leptosomus-discolor-von-inaturalist-keine-Rechte-vorbehalten-1536x1038.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Leptosomus-discolor-von-inaturalist-keine-Rechte-vorbehalten-1141x771.jpg 1141w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Leptosomus-discolor-von-inaturalist-keine-Rechte-vorbehalten-420x284.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Leptosomus-discolor-von-inaturalist-keine-Rechte-vorbehalten-81x55.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Leptosomus-discolor-von-inaturalist-keine-Rechte-vorbehalten-200x135.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Leptosomus-discolor-von-inaturalist-keine-Rechte-vorbehalten.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-12-15585'>\n\t\t\t\tLeptosomus discolor\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Corythornis-madagascariensis-pygmy-kingfisher-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-12-15586\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Corythornis-madagascariensis-pygmy-kingfisher-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Corythornis-madagascariensis-pygmy-kingfisher-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Corythornis-madagascariensis-pygmy-kingfisher-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Corythornis-madagascariensis-pygmy-kingfisher-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-1157x771.jpg 1157w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Corythornis-madagascariensis-pygmy-kingfisher-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Corythornis-madagascariensis-pygmy-kingfisher-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Corythornis-madagascariensis-pygmy-kingfisher-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Corythornis-madagascariensis-pygmy-kingfisher-fotografiert-in-Analamazaotra-Madagaskar-von-Thorsten-Negro.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-12-15586'>\n\t\t\t\tCorythornis madagascariensis in Analamazaotra\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Dryolimnas-cuvieri-in-Andasibe-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-12-15587\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Dryolimnas-cuvieri-in-Andasibe-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Dryolimnas-cuvieri-in-Andasibe-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Dryolimnas-cuvieri-in-Andasibe-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Dryolimnas-cuvieri-in-Andasibe-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-1157x771.jpg 1157w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Dryolimnas-cuvieri-in-Andasibe-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Dryolimnas-cuvieri-in-Andasibe-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Dryolimnas-cuvieri-in-Andasibe-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Dryolimnas-cuvieri-in-Andasibe-Madagaskar-fotografiert-von-Thorsten-Negro.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-12-15587'>\n\t\t\t\tDryolimnas cuvieri in Andasibe\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Madagascar Pygmy Kingfisher (<em>Corythornis madagascariensis<\/em>) seems rather unusual as a chameleon predator. This tiny, brightly colored kingfisher was once observed in Andohahela in southeastern Madagascar capturing a chameleon of the genus<em> Calumma<\/em> that was exactly as long as its own head and beak. The chameleon was killed by being struck against a branch and then strangled.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-110\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"108\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-110\">108<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"108\">Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">There is also only a single record of chameleons as prey for another water-associated bird, the White-throated rail (<em>Dryolimnas cuvieri<\/em>). This bird species lives in rainforests, mangroves, and swamps, as well as in rice paddies. They often wade through the water and peck at the shore with their beaks, which doesn\u2019t really fit with chameleons as prey. Nevertheless, a report from a rainforest near Anjozorobe in the northern highlands of Madagascar describes a parent bird with chicks holding an adult <em>Calumma gastrotaenia<\/em> in its beak\u2014a species very common in the area.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-111\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"109\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-111\">109<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"109\">Jenkins, R.K.B. (2001): Observations on the white-thorated rail <em>Dryolimnas cuvieri<\/em> in Madagascar. Scopus 21: 65-67. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Snakes\"><\/span>Snakes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Colubridae_%E2%80%93_typical_snakes\"><\/span>Colubridae \u2013 typical snakes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Most of Madagascar\u2019s snakes that prey on chameleons are colubrids. Almost all of them have fangs located far back in the upper jaw, roughly beneath the eyes. These are called opistoglyphous fangs. The venom\u2019s effects on humans are not severe; for most snakes in Madagascar, symptoms are more like an insect bite, causing swelling and pain that lasts several hours. Only a few species that grow larger cause swelling and pain that lasts for days when they bite humans. Nevertheless, the venom of nearly all Madagascar colubrids is potent enough to kill small prey, such as chameleons, or at least immobilize them.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Night_Snakes_Ithycyphus\"><\/span>Night Snakes <em>(Ithycyphus)<\/em><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_9458\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9458\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9458\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti-81x121.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti.jpg 667w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9458\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Ithycyphus perineti<\/em> at Madagascar&#8217;s east coast<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The genus <em>Ithycyphus<\/em> (a name that\u2019s only unpronounceable at first glance) is endemic to Madagascar and comprises just five species. Three of them have already been observed feeding on chameleons, and the other two are suspected of doing so. All are diurnal and hunt chameleons directly in trees and on the ground.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In southwestern Madagascar, an Ithycyphus oursi was observed capturing a female <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-112\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"110\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-112\">110<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"110\">Crottini, A., Harris, D.J., Irisarri, I.A., Lima, A., Rasamison, S., Rosa, G.M. (2010): Confirming Domergue: <em>Ithycyphus oursi<\/em> Domergue, 1986 predation upon <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> (Mocquard, 1894). Herpetology Notes 3: 127-131. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/161129\">Download<\/a><\/span>\u00a0The prey was paralyzed within a few minutes of being bitten by the snake. Although it took over an hour afterward, the snake was indeed able to swallow the large chameleon whole. Another <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> had already been discovered in 1986 in the stomach of a snake of the same species.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-113\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"111\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-113\">111<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"111\">Domergue, C.A. (1986): Notes sur les serpents de la r\u00e9gion malgache VI. Le genre <em>Ithycyphus<\/em> G\u00fcnther 1973; description de deux esp\u00e8ces nouvelles. Bulletin du Mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle Paris Ser. 4, Sec. A. 8: 409-434. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/246218\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Ithycyphus miniatus<\/em> is also quite small, but certainly capable of overpowering small chameleons. This snake species is mainly found in northwestern Madagascar. Sightings on Nosy Komba confirm that it is a potential predator of chameleons.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-115\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"112\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-115\">112<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"112\">Ava-Leigh. (2017): <em>Ithycyphus miniatus<\/em> feeding on a chameleon. Available on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.istockphoto.com\/de\/foto\/kleine-nacht-schlange-essen-ein-cham%C3%A4leon-nosy-komba-madagaskar-gm885409058-246015731%5b\/mfn\">https:\/\/www.istockphoto.com\/de\/foto\/kleine-nacht-schlange-essen-ein-cham%C3%A4leon-nosy-komba-madagaskar-gm885409058-246015731[\/mfn<\/a>] However, observations from the terrarium hobby in Germany also suggest that chameleons are a favourite food of this snake.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-114\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"112\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-114\">112<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"112\"><\/span>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (2007): Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3<sup>rd<\/sup> edition. Vences &amp; Glaw Verlag, Cologne, Germany. 498 pp. <\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Ithycyphus perineti<\/em>, which is found on the east coast, has already been observed feeding on <em>Calumma brevicorne<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-116\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"113\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-116\">113<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"113\">Glaw, F., Vences, M. (2007): Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3<sup>rd<\/sup> edition. Vences &amp; Glaw Verlag, Cologne, Germany. 498 pp. <\/span>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Malagasy_Cat-eyed_Snakes_Madagascarophis\"><\/span>Malagasy Cat-eyed Snakes (<em>Madagascarophis<\/em>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_15740\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15740\" class=\"wp-image-15740 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Figure-1.jpeg-200x300.jpeg?_t=1782117977\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Figure-1.jpeg-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Figure-1.jpeg-683x1024.jpeg 683w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Figure-1.jpeg-768x1152.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Figure-1.jpeg-1024x1536.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Figure-1.jpeg-1365x2048.jpeg 1365w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Figure-1.jpeg-514x771.jpeg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Figure-1.jpeg-420x630.jpeg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Figure-1.jpeg-81x122.jpeg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Figure-1.jpeg-scaled.jpeg 1707w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-15740\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A <em>Madagascarophis colubrinus<\/em> devours a dead panther chameleon in Akanin&#8217;ny Nofy<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Madagascarophis meridionalis<\/em>, a crepuscular and nocturnal snake native to south-western Madagascar, has been observed on several occasions preying on chameleons. It appears to have a broad prey range, including both reptiles and amphibians. \u00a0Near Toliara, a snake of this species was observed devouring a <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-117\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"114\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-117\">114<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"114\"> Andriamandimbiarisoa, L.N. (2007): Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de l\u2019histoire de trois esp\u00e8ces de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons de la r\u00e9gion de Toliary, <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872) et <em>Furcifer antimena<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872): biologie, \u00e9cologie et \u00e9thologie de la reproduction. M\u00e9moire DEA, unpublished. D\u00e9partement de Biologie Animale, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar. 73 pages. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/230839\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Although it has been claimed time and again over the decades that the closely related species <em>Madagascarophis colubrinus<\/em>, which is found throughout Madagascar, feeds on chameleons, there has been only a single recorded instance of this \u2013 from Nosy Be \u2013 involving the consumption of a female<em> Furcifer pardalis<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-118\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"115\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-118\">115<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"115\">Glaw, F., Vences, M. (1996): Seltene Schlangen aus Madagaskar. TI Magazin 132: 41-45. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/de\/document\/view\/9397256\/seltene-schlangen-aus-madagaskar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\u00a0In 2026, we published an observation from Akanin\u2019ny Nofy in which a <em>Madagascarophis colubrinus<\/em> was feeding on the carcass of a panther chameleon (<em>Furcifer pardalis<\/em>).<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-119\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"116\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-119\">116<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"116\">Negro, A., Radimbiniaina, H.Z. (2026): Rotten ready-to-eat: observation of a Malagasy Cat-eyed Snake, <em>Madagascarophis colubrinus<\/em> (Schlegel, 1837), feeding on the carcass of a Panther Chameleon, <em>Furcifer pardalis<\/em> (Cuvier, 1829). Herpetology Notes 19: 399-401. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/publikationen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\u00a0It was previously unknown that these snakes occasionally feed on carrion. <em>Madagascarophis colubrinus<\/em> possesses a weak neurotoxin, i.e., a poison that paralyses the nerves.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-120\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"117\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-120\">117<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"117\">Kryukova, E.V., Ivanov, D.A., Kopylova, N.V., Starkov, V.G., Andreeva, T.V., Ivanov, I.A., Tsetlin, V.I., Utkin, Yu. N. (2023): A new peptide from the venom of the Madagascar cat-eyed snake <em>Madagascarophis colubrinus<\/em> blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry 49(3): 529-537. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1134\/S1068162023030159\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Big-eyed_Snakes_Mimophis\"><\/span>Big-eyed Snakes (<em>Mimophis<\/em>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The genus <em>Mimophis<\/em> currently comprises only two species, one of which is native to the north and north-west of Madagascar, whilst the other, to put it simply, inhabits the rest of the island. Both species are diurnal and spend most of their time on the ground. They possess a weakly cytotoxic venom.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-121\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"118\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-121\">118<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"118\">Rosa, G.M., Boistel, R., Campantico, E., Gillet, B., Berg\u00f2, P.E., Andreone, F. (2014): Case solved: presence of toxin-secreting oral glands in the lamprophiid snake <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em> (Grandidier, 1867) from Madagascar. Zoomorphology 133: 417-423. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/286447\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> Their diet consists largely of reptiles and amphibians, but also includes small mammals; in short, these snakes turn down very little prey.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-13' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-2-Isalo-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-13-15745\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-2-Isalo-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-2-Isalo-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-2-Isalo-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-2-Isalo-1157x771.jpg 1157w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-2-Isalo-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-2-Isalo-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-2-Isalo-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-2-Isalo.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-13-15745'>\n\t\t\t\tMimophis mahfalensis in Isalo\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-4-Ankarafantsika-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-13-15746\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-4-Ankarafantsika-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-4-Ankarafantsika-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-4-Ankarafantsika-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-4-Ankarafantsika-1157x771.jpg 1157w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-4-Ankarafantsika-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-4-Ankarafantsika-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-4-Ankarafantsika-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-4-Ankarafantsika.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-13-15746'>\n\t\t\t\tMimophis occultus in Ankarafantsika\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is known that <em>Mimophis occultus<\/em> occasionally preys on chameleons. The stomach of the type specimen, on which the species was first described, contained a <em>Brookesia stumpffi<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-122\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"119\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-122\">119<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"119\"> Ruane, S., Myers, E.A., Lo, K., Yuen, S., Welt, R.S., Juman, M., Futterman, I., Nussbaum, R.A., Schneider, G., Burbrink, F.T., Raxworthy, C.J. (2017): Unrecognized species diversity and new insights into colour pattern polymorphism within the widespread Malagasy snake <em>Mimophis<\/em> (Serpentes: Lamprohiidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 16(3): 1-16. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/286871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\u00a0In Ankarafantsika, another animal of the same species was observed eating a <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-123\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"120\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-123\">120<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"120\"> Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448.<\/span> One of our own observations on this aspect is currently being prepared for publication.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_15747\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15747\" class=\"wp-image-15747 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-9-Ambositra-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-9-Ambositra-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-9-Ambositra-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-9-Ambositra-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-9-Ambositra-1157x771.jpg 1157w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-9-Ambositra-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-9-Ambositra-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-9-Ambositra-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mimophis-mahfalensis-9-Ambositra.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-15747\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gravid female of <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em> in Ambositra<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The much more widespread related species, <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em>, on the other hand, has already been observed preying on chameleons relatively frequently. A reporter for the New York Times even found an attack by this species on a <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> in the Andasibe rainforest in the eastern highlands of Madagascar so fascinating that she published an article about it in the newspaper.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-125\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"121\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-125\">121<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"121\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2285525\/Snake-vs-chameleon-Moment-savage-serpent-strikes-defenceless-animal-toxic-paralysing-poison-eats-lunch.html%5b\/mfn\">https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2285525\/Snake-vs-chameleon-Moment-savage-serpent-strikes-defenceless-animal-toxic-paralysing-poison-eats-lunch.html[\/mfn<\/a>]\u00a0Near the Andringitra massif in south-eastern Madagascar, scientists collected a <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em>, in whose stomach they discovered a recently ingested <em>Furcifer willsii<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-124\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"121\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-124\">121<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"121\"><\/span> Lob\u00f3n-Rovira, J., Belluardo, F., Rasoazanany, M., Rosa, G.M., Crottini, A. (2020): Canopy chameleon (<em>Furcifer willsii<\/em>) consumption by common big-eyed snake (<em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em>) in Fivahona Forest, eastern Madagascar. Malagasy Nature 14: 81-83. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/348382337_Canopy_chameleon_Furcifer_willsii_consumption_by_common_big-eyed_snake_Mimophis_mahfalensis_in_Fivahona_Forest_eastern_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> In south-western Madagascar, in the gorges of the Isalo Mountains, a <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em> was observed devouring a male <em>Furcifer major<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-126\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"122\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-126\">122<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"122\"> Rosa, G.M., Castelo Branco, J., Couto, H., Berg\u00f2, P.E., Andreone, F. (2016): <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em> (common big-eyed snake) predation on <em>Furcifer major<\/em> (giant carpet chameleon) in Isalo, Madagascar. The Herpetological Bulletin 138: 40-41. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebhs.org\/publications\/the-herpetological-bulletin\/issue-number-138-winter-2016\/970-14-i-mimophis-mahfalensis-i-common-big-eyed-snake-predation-on-i-furcifer-major-i-giant-carpet-chameleon-in-isalo-madagascar\/file\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\u00a0In Kirindy, in western Madagascar, a Mahafaly snake ate a <em>Furcifer labordi<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-127\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"123\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-127\">123<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"123\">Andriamandimbiarisoa, L.N. (2007): Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e8tude de l\u2019histoire de trois esp\u00e8ces de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons de la region de Toliary, <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872) et <em>Furcifer antimena<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872): biologie, \u00e9cologie et \u00e9thologie de la reproduction. M\u00e9moire DEA, unpublished. D\u00e9partement de Biologie Animale, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar. 73 pages. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/230839\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Big-headed_Snakes_Compsophis\"><\/span>Big-headed Snakes (<em>Compsophis<\/em>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Researchers observed two <em>Compsophis infralineatus<\/em> in central-eastern Madagascar, near Mandraka, attempting to devour chameleons.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-128\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"124\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-128\">124<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"124\">Edmonds, D.A., Sam-Edmonds, S.S. (2024): Predation on the chameleons <em>Calumma crypticum<\/em> Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 2006 and <em>C. gastrotaenia<\/em> (Boulenger, 1888) by the snake <em>Compsophis infralineatus<\/em> (G\u00fcnther, 1882) near Mandraka, Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 17: 327-328. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/www.biotaxa.org\/hn\/article\/view\/85200\/80490&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjopczhvZqVAxXhRfEDHQlwDVMQFnoECBcQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw2mC52hNl2WywOx2o069I16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\u00a0In the process, an adult <em>Calumma gastrotaenia<\/em> and an equally adult <em>Calumma crypticum<\/em> fell prey to the snakes. Overall, little is known about <em>Compsophis infalineatus<\/em>; however, it was long thought to feed primarily on frogs and spawn.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_15749\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15749\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15749\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Compsophis-laphystius-in-Marojejy-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Compsophis-laphystius-in-Marojejy-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Compsophis-laphystius-in-Marojejy-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Compsophis-laphystius-in-Marojejy-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Compsophis-laphystius-in-Marojejy-1157x771.jpg 1157w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Compsophis-laphystius-in-Marojejy-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Compsophis-laphystius-in-Marojejy-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Compsophis-laphystius-in-Marojejy-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Compsophis-laphystius-in-Marojejy.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-15749\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Compsophis laphystius<\/em> in Marojejy rain forest<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Another previously undescribed species, <em>Compsophis<\/em> sp. aff.<em> laphystius<\/em>, from the rainforest of Amber Mounttain in northern Madagascar, had an adult <em>Calumma amber<\/em> in its stomach during a study.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-129\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"125\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-129\">125<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"125\">Edmonds, D.A., Sam-Edmonds, S.S. (2024): Predation on the chameleons <em>Calumma crypticum<\/em> Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 2006 and <em>C. gastrotaenia<\/em> (Boulenger, 1888) by the snake <em>Compsophis infralineatus<\/em> (G\u00fcnther, 1882) near Mandraka, Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 17: 327-328. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/384147944_Predation_on_the_chameleons_Calumma_crypticum_Raxworthy_and_Nussbaum_2006_and_C_gastrotaenia_Boulenger_1888_by_the_snake_Compsophis_infralineatus_Gunther_1882_near_Mandraka_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\u00a0On the one hand, this observation confirms that this <em>Compsophis<\/em> species, too, is not exclusively a frog-eater; on the other hand, it demonstrates the astonishing sizes of prey that snakes are capable of devouring. <em>Compsophis<\/em> sp. aff. <em>laphystius<\/em> remains relatively small, with a total length of less than 70 cm, whilst a female <em>Calumma amber<\/em>, as prey, appears relatively large at around 35 cm in total length.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The rare snake <em>Compsophis coulangesi<\/em> is strictly arboreal and is found in north-eastern Madagascar. The first specimen discovered regurgitated a relatively large <em>Calumma parsonii<\/em> in Anjanaharibe-Sud rainforest after it was found.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-130\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"126\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-130\">126<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"126\">Glaw, F., Vences, M. (2007): Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3<sup>rd<\/sup> edition. Vences &amp; Glaw Verlag, Cologne, Germany. 498 pp. <\/span> Otherwise, very little is known about the species so far.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Parastenophis_betsileanus\"><\/span><em>Parastenophis betsileanus<\/em><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_15750\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15750\" class=\"wp-image-15750 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Parastenophis-betsileanus-in-Marojejy-1-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Parastenophis-betsileanus-in-Marojejy-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Parastenophis-betsileanus-in-Marojejy-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Parastenophis-betsileanus-in-Marojejy-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Parastenophis-betsileanus-in-Marojejy-1-1157x771.jpg 1157w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Parastenophis-betsileanus-in-Marojejy-1-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Parastenophis-betsileanus-in-Marojejy-1-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Parastenophis-betsileanus-in-Marojejy-1-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Parastenophis-betsileanus-in-Marojejy-1.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-15750\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A <em>Parastenophis betsileanus<\/em> in Marojejy<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">On the northern east coast of Madagascar, a snake of this species was observed at night devouring a <em>Brookesia superciliaris<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-131\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"127\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-131\">127<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"127\">Kaloloha, A., Misandeau, C., Gehring, P.-S. (2011): Notes on the diversity and natural history of the snake fauna of Ambodiriana-Manompana, a protected rainforest site in north-eastern Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 4: 397-402. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Notes-on-the-diversity-and-natural-history-of-the-a-Kaloloha-Misandeau\/4aa01ab61434ae19c2c40800663886c80e8f054a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\u00a0In the eastern highlands, a <em>Furcifer willsii<\/em> was discovered in the stomach of a <em>Parastenophis betsileanus<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-132\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"128\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-132\">128<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"128\">Raxworthy, C.J. (1988): Reptiles, Rainforest and Conservation in Madagascar. Biological Conservation 43: 181-211. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/0006320788901139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\u00a0It is believed that <em>Parastenophis betsileanus<\/em> is not strictly arboreal, but also hunts for prey on the ground and in the lower branches. However, it is nocturnal and is therefore likely to encounter mainly sleeping chameleons. A rather unusual record of predation comes from Ranomafana in the southern highlands: during heavy rain one night, a <em>Parastenophis betsileanus<\/em> was found on a road attempting to devour a male <em>Furcifer balteatus<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-133\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"129\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-133\">129<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"129\">Glaw, F., Vences, M. (1996): Seltene Schlangen aus Madagaskar. TI Magazin 132: 41-45. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/de\/document\/view\/9397256\/seltene-schlangen-aus-madagaskar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> However, the snake apparently felt disturbed by the onlookers and spat out the comparatively large chameleon again.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Brook_Snakes_Pseudoxyrhopus\"><\/span>Brook Snakes <em>(Pseudoxyrhopus)<\/em><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Only a few of Madagascar\u2019s snakes specialise in eating eggs. These include the small snake <em>Pseudoxyrhophus ambreensis<\/em>, which is found only in the rainforest of the Amber Mountain and in the Tsaratanana Massif in northern Madagascar. It is nocturnal and has ofResearchers found three chameleon eggs, probably from Calumma linotum, eon eggs, probably from <em>Calumma linotum<\/em>, were found in the stomach of a female.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-134\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"130\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-134\">130<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"130\">Knoll, A., Glaw, F., K\u00f6hler, J. (2009): The Malagasy snake <em>Pseudoxyrhophus ambreensis<\/em> preys upon chameleon eggs by shell slitting. Herpetology Notes 2: 161-162. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/263150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> As it eats the eggs, the snake uses its teeth to split them open, allowing the yolk and white to escape and making them easier to digest.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">There are several other <em>Pseudoxyrhophus<\/em> species in Madagascar that are also known to feed on eggs. However, it is not yet known whether they also feed on chameleon eggs.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Madagascar_Giant_Hognose_Snake_Leioheterodon_madagascariensis\"><\/span>Madagascar Giant Hognose Snake (<em>Leioheterodon madagascariensis<\/em>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">And finally, there are the opportunistic snakes, which feed on live reptiles, amphibians, small mammals, and birds, as well as eggs. One such species is the Madagascar Giant\u00a0 Hognose Snake, <em>Leioheterodon madagascariensis<\/em>. This species can grow to be very large and powerful, reaching lengths of over one and a half metres. It is found throughout Madagascar and inhabits a wide variety of habitats, ranging from dry forest to rainforest \u2013 so it is a common sight on the island. The Hognose Snake spends most of its time on the ground. However, we have also spotted it actively climbing through bushes in search of prey.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-14' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">On several occasions, we have observed animals of this species actively burrowing into the ground (see the photograph above from Ankarafantsika in western Madagascar) in order to track down fresh clutches of eggs. On at least one occasion, the size and consistency of the eggs suggested that they were from chameleons. However, the Hognose Snake probably most frequently preys on the eggs of Madagascar iguanas.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Leaf-nosed_Snakes_Langaha_madagascariensis\"><\/span>Leaf-nosed Snakes (<em>Langaha madagascariensis<\/em>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_10944\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10944\" class=\"wp-image-10944 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Langaha-madagascariensis-male-im-Palmarium-2018-300x193.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"193\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Langaha-madagascariensis-male-im-Palmarium-2018-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Langaha-madagascariensis-male-im-Palmarium-2018-1024x659.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Langaha-madagascariensis-male-im-Palmarium-2018-768x495.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Langaha-madagascariensis-male-im-Palmarium-2018-1197x771.jpg 1197w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Langaha-madagascariensis-male-im-Palmarium-2018-420x270.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Langaha-madagascariensis-male-im-Palmarium-2018-81x52.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Langaha-madagascariensis-male-im-Palmarium-2018-200x129.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Langaha-madagascariensis-male-im-Palmarium-2018.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10944\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Male <em>Langaha madagascariensis<\/em> at Madagascar&#8217;s east coast<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Even the beautiful Malagasy leaf-nosed snakes seem to enjoy a chameleon meal from time to time. The species is found in the rainforests of the north and those along the east coast, extending into the dry forests of the central southwest. It is primarily diurnal and strictly arboreal. Their extremely effective camouflage makes these snakes nearly invisible to their prey before they strike.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In southern Madagascar, a juvenile <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em> was discovered in the stomach of a female leaf-nosed snake.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-135\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"131\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-135\">131<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"131\">Viol, A.L., Crowell, H.L., Lee, J.L., Schramer, T.D. (2025): Langaha madagascariensis (Malagasy Leaf-nosed Snake). Diet and reproduction. Herpetological Review 55(2): 284. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/389631879_LANGAHA_MADAGASCARIENSIS_Malagasy_Leaf-nosed_Snake_DIET_and_REPRODUCTION\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> Other reptiles are already known to be part of the leaf-nosed snake&#8217;s diet, including Madagascar iguanas, geckos, and skinks.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-136\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"132\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-136\">132<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"132\">Tingle, J.L. (2012): Field observations on the behavioral ecology of the Madagascan Leaf-nosed Snake, <em>Langaha madagascariensis<\/em>. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 7(3): 442-448. <a href=\"https:\/\/herpconbio.org\/Volume_7\/Issue_3\/Tingle_2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> It is still unclear whether chameleons are frequently eaten by leaf-nosed snakes or whether the reported sighting was an isolated incident.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cannibalism\"><\/span>Cannibalism<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chameleons will prey on just about anything that moves and appears small enough. Unfortunately, this also applies to other chameleons, which occasionally fall prey to other chameleons. This behavior occurs in chameleons worldwide, and Madagascar is no exception.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4223\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4223\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4223\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/Furcifer-oustaleti-in-Antsirabe-2017-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Furcifer oustaleti in Antsirabe 2017\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/Furcifer-oustaleti-in-Antsirabe-2017-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/Furcifer-oustaleti-in-Antsirabe-2017-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/Furcifer-oustaleti-in-Antsirabe-2017-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/Furcifer-oustaleti-in-Antsirabe-2017-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/Furcifer-oustaleti-in-Antsirabe-2017.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-4223\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> in Antsirabe<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">An observation from Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar, describes how an adult <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> devours a significantly smaller chameleon. The eaten chameleon was likely a carpet chameleon (<em>Furcifer lateralis<\/em>).<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-137\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"133\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-137\">133<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"133\">Ren\u00e9 de Roland, A., Razarazafy, D., Fabrice, S. (2025): Predation on <em>Furcifer<\/em> sp. by Oustalet\u2019s Chameleon, <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> (Mocquard, 1894), in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 18: 305-306. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/392315972_Predation_on_Fulcifer_sp_by_Oustalet%27s_Chameleon_Fulcifer_oustaleti_Mocquard_1894_in_the_Central_Highlands_of_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\u00a0Another observation in Ankarafantsika in western Madagascar describes an adult <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> shooting and eating a juvenile <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-138\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"134\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-138\">134<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"134\">Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448.<\/span>\u00a0<em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> is certainly not the only chameleon species in Madagascar that preys on other chameleons. However, because this species has the widest distribution on the island, is the most abundant, and grows quite large, it is most likely that one will \u201ccatch\u201d a <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> in Madagascar while it is eating other chameleons, and less likely to encounter other species.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frogs\"><\/span>Frogs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Interestingly, on rare occasions, even frogs eat chameleons during the rainy season. Especially hatchlings\u2014which are small and can therefore be swallowed whole by frogs\u2014sometimes end up in a frog&#8217;s stomach.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_15762\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15762\" class=\"wp-image-15762 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Ptychadena-mascareniensis-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Ptychadena-mascareniensis-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Ptychadena-mascareniensis-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Ptychadena-mascareniensis-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Ptychadena-mascareniensis-1536x1021.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Ptychadena-mascareniensis-1160x771.jpg 1160w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Ptychadena-mascareniensis-420x279.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Ptychadena-mascareniensis-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Ptychadena-mascareniensis-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Ptychadena-mascareniensis.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-15762\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Ptychadena mascareniensis<\/em> in Ranomafana<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Mascarene frog (<em>Ptychadena mascareniensis<\/em>), which is very widespread in Madagascar, has been observed in the southwestern part of the island, north of Toliara. There, scientists collected a frog that regurgitated a freshly ingested, still-living juvenile <em>Furcifer major<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-139\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"135\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-139\">135<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"135\">D\u2019Cruze, N., Sabel, J.A. (2005): <em>Ptychadena mascariensis<\/em> (Mascarene ridged frog): Predation on an endemic Malagasy chameleon. Herpetological Bulletin 93: 26-27. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebhs.org\/publications\/the-herpetological-bulletin\/issue-number-93-autumn-2005\/2984-hb093-08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> Although Mascarene frogs had previously been known to be relatively omnivorous \u2014 eating almost anything they could get their mouths on \u2014reptiles were not part of their known diet.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In a scientific study, an examination of the stomach contents of a large number of frogs also revealed a juvenile chameleon in the stomach of a <em>Mantidactylus femoralis<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-140\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"136\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-140\">136<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"136\">Vences, M., Glaw, F., Zapp, C. (1999): Stomach content analyses in Malagasy frogs of the genera <em>Tomoptera<\/em>, <em>Aglyptodactylus<\/em>, <em>Boophis<\/em>, and <em>Mantidactylus<\/em> (Anura: Ranidae). Herpetozoa 11 (3\/4): 109-116. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zobodat.at\/pdf\/HER_11_3_4_0109-0116.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> It is likely that other frogs also prey on chameleon hatchlings when they get the chance\u2014but this has been observed very rarely in Madagascar so far.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Invertebrates\"><\/span>Invertebrates<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_15807\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15807\" class=\"wp-image-15807 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Nephila-madagascariensis-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Nephila-madagascariensis-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Nephila-madagascariensis-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Nephila-madagascariensis-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Nephila-madagascariensis-81x122.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Nephila-madagascariensis.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-15807\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Madagascars silk spider (<em>Trichonephila inaurata madagascariensis<\/em>) in Ankarafantsika<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Very small chameleons \u2014 especially juveniles \u2014 are occasionally preyed upon by invertebrates such as praying mantises and large spiders. Madagascar has hundreds of species of both. However, researchers have documented each only once so far. In one instance, a small <em>Calumma<\/em> was captured by a Madagascar silk spider; in another, it was devoured by a praying mantis of a species that, unfortunately, was not identified in detail.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-141\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"137\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-141\">137<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"137\">Parcher, S.R. (1974): Observations on the Natural Histories of Six Malagasy Chamaeleontidae. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tierpsychologie 34:500\u2013523. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1974.tb01818.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lemurs\"><\/span>Lemurs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ring-tailed_lemur_Lemur_catta_and_Red_lemur_Eulemur_rufus\"><\/span>Ring-tailed lemur (<em>Lemur catta<\/em>) and Red lemur (<em>Eulemur rufus<\/em>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lemurs rarely eat chameleons\u2014probably only when a good opportunity arises. The two species most frequently observed eating chameleons to date are the ring-tailed lemur (<em>Lemur catta<\/em>) and the red lemur (<em>Eulemur rufus<\/em>) in southern Madagascar. All observations were made in the Berenty Reserve near Amboasary Sud. Ring-tailed lemurs are native to the area, but humans introduced red lemurs there; they are native to western Madagascar.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The ring-tailed lemur is considered an omnivore, although the majority of its diet consists of fruits, leaves, and buds. However, bark, resin, soil, insects, spiders, and small vertebrates are also part of its diet, which is certainly, in part, an adaptation to the very long dry season in the south. If you want to survive in the barren south of Madagascar, you simply can\u2019t be picky. Red lemurs also eat a very wide variety of foods, with fruit making up about half of their diet.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_15808\" style=\"width: 217px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15808\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15808\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Katta-Portrait-fotografiert-von-Tanalahorizon-Madagaskarreisen-207x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"207\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Katta-Portrait-fotografiert-von-Tanalahorizon-Madagaskarreisen-207x300.jpg 207w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Katta-Portrait-fotografiert-von-Tanalahorizon-Madagaskarreisen-706x1024.jpg 706w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Katta-Portrait-fotografiert-von-Tanalahorizon-Madagaskarreisen-768x1114.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Katta-Portrait-fotografiert-von-Tanalahorizon-Madagaskarreisen-1059x1536.jpg 1059w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Katta-Portrait-fotografiert-von-Tanalahorizon-Madagaskarreisen-1412x2048.jpg 1412w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Katta-Portrait-fotografiert-von-Tanalahorizon-Madagaskarreisen-532x771.jpg 532w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Katta-Portrait-fotografiert-von-Tanalahorizon-Madagaskarreisen-420x609.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Katta-Portrait-fotografiert-von-Tanalahorizon-Madagaskarreisen-81x117.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Katta-Portrait-fotografiert-von-Tanalahorizon-Madagaskarreisen-200x290.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Katta-Portrait-fotografiert-von-Tanalahorizon-Madagaskarreisen-scaled.jpg 1765w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 207px) 100vw, 207px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-15808\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ring-tailed lemur in southern Madagascar<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In 1996, the first observation was published in which a female ring-tailed lemur captured a passing <em>Furcifer major<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-142\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"138\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-142\">138<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"138\">Oda, R. (1996): Predation on a Chameleon by a Ring-Tailed Lemur (<em>Lemur catta<\/em>) in the Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Folia Primatologica 67:40\u201343. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/239783040_Predation_on_a_Chameleon_by_a_Ring-Tailed_Lemur_Lemur_catta_in_the_Berenty_Reserve_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> The female climbed into a tamarind tree with the chameleon she had caught, bit off the chameleon\u2019s head, and opened up its coelom, causing parts of its intestines to fall out. Finally, she dropped the chameleon, and a second female ring-tailed lemur curiously picked up the dead chameleon from the ground but did not eat it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A few years later, researchers in Berenty reported observing several red lemurs eat a chameleon&#8217;s head once and its entrails three times.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-143\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"139\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-143\">139<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"139\">Jolly, A., Caless, S., Cavigelli, S., Gould, L., Pereira, M.E., Pitts, A., Pride, R.E., Rabenandrasana, H.D., Walker, J.D., Zafison, T. (2000): Infant killing, wounding and predation in <em>Eulemur <\/em>and <em>Lemur<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 21:21-40. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1005467411880\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> Additional observations of chameleon predation by the same red lemurs occurred primarily during the late rainy season, when there are significantly more chameleons in the south than during the dry season.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-144\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"140\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-144\">140<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"140\">Simmen, B., Hladik, A., Ramasiarisoa, P. (2003): \u00a0Food intake and dietary overlap in native <em>Lemur catta<\/em> and <em>Propithecus verreauxi<\/em> and introduced <em>Eulemur fulvus<\/em> at Berenty, southern Madagascar. International Journal of Primatology 24: 949\u2013968. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1026366309980\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<div id=\"attachment_15810\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15810\" class=\"wp-image-15810 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eulemur-rufus-Tsiribinha-1-300x200.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eulemur-rufus-Tsiribinha-1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eulemur-rufus-Tsiribinha-1-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eulemur-rufus-Tsiribinha-1-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eulemur-rufus-Tsiribinha-1-1157x771.png 1157w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eulemur-rufus-Tsiribinha-1-420x280.png 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eulemur-rufus-Tsiribinha-1-81x54.png 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eulemur-rufus-Tsiribinha-1-200x133.png 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eulemur-rufus-Tsiribinha-1.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-15810\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female <em>Eulemur rufus<\/em> at Tsiribinha river<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Four additional cases of chameleon poaching brought a few more details to light.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-145\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"141\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-145\">141<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"141\">Ichino, S., Rambeloarivony, H. (2011): \u00a0New cases of vertebrate predation by the ring-tailed lemur (<em>Lemur catta<\/em>), with reference to differences from <em>Eulemur<\/em> species and other primates. African Study Monographs 32: 69\u201380. <a href=\"https:\/\/repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp\/bitstreams\/5a08d2b8-db9e-4f29-b907-5bcdbd3a89dd\/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>In Berenty, it was primarily high-ranking, lactating females that preyed on chameleons. They defended their prey against other females; males showed no interest. The chameleons were killed by bites to the head. At least one <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em> was identified. However, a smaller chameleon, likely <em>Furcifer major<\/em>, also fell prey. It is striking that the ring-tailed lemurs often dropped parts of their unusual prey to the ground\u2014such as the tail and hind limbs. This suggests that chameleons are neither a staple food nor a particularly common prey item for lemurs.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lemur_hybrids\"><\/span>Lemur hybrids<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the same reserve, hybrids between red lemurs and collared lemurs were occasionally observed eating chameleons.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-146\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"142\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-146\">142<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"142\">Jolly, A., Caless, S., Cavigelli, S., Gould, L., Pereira, M.E., Pitts, A., Pride, R.E., Rabenandrasana, H.D., Walker, J.D., Zafison, T. (2000): Infant killing, wounding and predation in <em>Eulemur <\/em>and <em>Lemur<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 21:21-40. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1005467411880\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Madame_Berthes_mouse_lemur_Microcebus_berthae\"><\/span>Madame Berthe&#8217;s mouse lemur (<em>Microcebus berthae<\/em>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Madame Berthe&#8217;s mouse lemur lives in a very small dry forest in western Madagascar. Weighing just 25 to 40 grams, this species is the world&#8217;s smallest primate. Yet evidence from their droppings shows they occasionally eat chameleons at night.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-147\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"143\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-147\">143<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"143\">Dammhahn, M., Kappeler, P.M. (2008): Comparative feeding ecology of sympatric <em>Microcebus berthae<\/em> and <em>M. murinus<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1567\u20131589. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/biodiv\/content\/documents\/c576eec5-b997-43e7-b742-c5205d79f01e\/1921a8d509cb476db33275277a5d5107.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Grey_mouse_lemur_Microcebus_murinus\"><\/span>Grey mouse lemur (<em>Microcebus murinus<\/em>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_15814\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15814\" class=\"wp-image-15814 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Microcebus-murinus-in-Baumhoehle-Kirindy-2017-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Microcebus-murinus-in-Baumhoehle-Kirindy-2017-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Microcebus-murinus-in-Baumhoehle-Kirindy-2017-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Microcebus-murinus-in-Baumhoehle-Kirindy-2017-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Microcebus-murinus-in-Baumhoehle-Kirindy-2017-1158x771.jpg 1158w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Microcebus-murinus-in-Baumhoehle-Kirindy-2017-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Microcebus-murinus-in-Baumhoehle-Kirindy-2017-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Microcebus-murinus-in-Baumhoehle-Kirindy-2017-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Microcebus-murinus-in-Baumhoehle-Kirindy-2017.jpg 1537w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-15814\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grey mouse lemur peeks out of its sleeping den in Kirindy<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The grey mouse lemur is found in many areas along the west coast of Madagascar. It is nocturnal and feeds on fruits, flowers, insect secretions, resin, and arthropods. Occasionally, however, it also eats geckos or chameleons.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-148\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"144\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-148\">144<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"144\">Dammhahn, M., Kappeler, P.M. (2008): Comparative feeding ecology of sympatric <em>Microcebus berthae<\/em> and <em>M. murinus<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1567\u20131589. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/biodiv\/content\/documents\/c576eec5-b997-43e7-b742-c5205d79f01e\/1921a8d509cb476db33275277a5d5107.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\u00a0A small species of <em>Calumma<\/em> has previously been observed as prey of a grey mouse lemur.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-149\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"145\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-149\">145<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"145\"> Parcher, S.R. (1974): Observations on the Natural Histories of Six Malagasy Chamaeleontidae. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tierpsychologie 34:500\u2013523. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1974.tb01818.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rufous_mouse_lemur_Microcebus_rufus\"><\/span>Rufous mouse lemur (<em>Microcebus rufus<\/em>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">One of our own observations, in which a Rufous mouse lemur (<em>Microcebus rufus<\/em>) preyed on sleeping chameleons, is currently under review for publication. Until now, it was unknown that this species preys on reptiles at all, or that individuals specifically target chameleons to expand their diet. Rufous mouse lemurs otherwise feed primarily on fruit and insects.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fat-tailed_dwarf_lemur_Cheirogaleus_medius\"><\/span>Fat-tailed dwarf lemur (<em>Cheirogaleus medius<\/em>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_9466\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9466\" class=\"wp-image-9466 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy-81x54.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-9466\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fat-tailed dwarf lemur in the dry forest of Kirindy<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The fat-tailed dwarf lemur feeds primarily on fruit, but also on flowers, insects, and, less commonly, small vertebrates. During the dry season, these lemurs spend most of their time in a sort of hibernation in their tree hollows. During this season, they subsist on the reserves stored in the fat deposit in their tails, from which they get their name. To date, chameleon skin has been found once in the feces of a western fat-tailed lemur from Marosalaza.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-150\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"146\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-150\">146<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"146\">Hladik, C.M., Charles-Dominique, P., Petter, J.J. (1980): Feeding strategies of five nocturnal prosimians in the dry forest of the west coast of Madagascar. In <em>Nocturnal Malagasy Primates. \u00a0Ecology, Physiology, and Behavior <\/em>(Charles-Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Page E, Pariente GF, et al., eds.), pp. 41\u201373. Academic Press, New York (USA).<\/span>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Coquerels_dwarf_lemur_Mirza_coquereli\"><\/span>Coquerel&#8217;s dwarf lemur (<em>Mirza coquereli<\/em>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Coquerel&#8217;s dwarf lemurs, contrary to their names, are the largest members of the Madagascan mouse lemur family. They are nocturnal and native to southwestern Madagascar. They have long been known as omnivores that prefer fruit and insects. Occasionally, however, they also eat bird chicks, frogs, or even a chameleon.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-151\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"147\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-151\">147<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"147\">Pages, E. (1980): Ethoecology of <em>Microcebus coquereli<\/em> during the dry season. In <em>Nocturnal Malagasy Primates.\u00a0 Ecology, Physiology, and Behavior <\/em>(Charles-Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Page E, Pariente GF, et al., eds.), pp. 97\u2013116. Academic Press, New York (USA).<\/span>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Other_mammals\"><\/span>Other mammals<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fossa_Cryptoprocta_ferox\"><\/span>Fossa (<em>Cryptoprocta ferox<\/em>)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_10940\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10940\" class=\"wp-image-10940 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Fossa-in-Kirindy-300x189.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"189\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Fossa-in-Kirindy-300x189.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Fossa-in-Kirindy-768x485.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Fossa-in-Kirindy-420x265.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Fossa-in-Kirindy-81x51.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Fossa-in-Kirindy-200x126.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Fossa-in-Kirindy.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-10940\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fossa is resting on a tree trunk<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Another Malagasy mammal, the fossa (<em>Cryptoprocta ferox<\/em>)\u2014which stands about knee-high and is the island\u2019s largest predator\u2014occasionally preys on the chameleon population. Fossas are cathemeral, meaning they are active during the day and\/or at night, depending on their needs. They can climb trees with ease and, as a result, track down chameleons there. To date, researchers have found chameleon bones twice in fossa feces.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-152\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"148\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-152\">148<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"148\">Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499.<\/span> <sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-153\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"149\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-153\">149<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"149\">Hawkins, C.E., Racey, P.A. (2008): Food habits of an endangered carnivore, <em>Cryptoprocta ferox<\/em>, in the dry deciduous forests of western Madagascar. Journal of Mammalogy 89(1): 64-74.<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Although, unlike other animals in Madagascar, fossa have been the subject of a relatively large amount of research, to date there has been no observation of a fossa actively preying on a chameleon. It therefore appears to be a rather rare behavior. However, it could also be that most studies on the fossa are simply conducted \u201cat the wrong time of year\u201d\u2014namely, not during the rainy season, when chameleons are most abundant. Unfortunately, from a behavioral perspective, the rainy season has so far been less interesting for fossa researchers.<\/p>\n\n<h5 class=\"modern-footnotes-list-heading \"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Literatur_zu_diesem_Thema\"><\/span>Literatur zu diesem Thema<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5><ul class=\"modern-footnotes-list \"><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-1\"><span>1<\/span><div>Jenkins Richard K.B., Rabearivony Jeanneney, Rakotomanana Hajanirina (2009): Predation on chameleons in Madagascar: a review. African Journal of Herpetology 58(2): 131-136. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madagasikara-voakajy.org\/17-predation-on-chameleons-in-madagascar-a-review\/file\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-1\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 1 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-2\"><span>2<\/span><div>Thorstrom Russel, Ren\u00e9 de Roland Lily-Arison (2000): First nest description, breeding behaviour and distribution of the Madagascar Serpent-Eagle <em>Eutriorchis astur<\/em>. Ibis 142: 217-224. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Russell-Thorstrom\/publication\/227780668_First_nest_description_breeding_behaviour_and_distribution_of_the_Madagascar_Serpent-Eagle_Eutriorchis_astur\/links\/5aba5685a6fdcc0e3d9ed722\/First-nest-description-breeding-behaviour-and-distribution-of-the-Madagascar-Serpent-Eagle-Eutriorchis-astur.pdf?origin=publicationSearch&amp;_rtd=e30%3D&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6ImhvbWUiLCJwYWdlIjoic2VhcmNoIiwicG9zaXRpb24iOiJwYWdlSGVhZGVyIn19\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-2\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 2 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-3\"><span>3<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L.-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Razafimanajato,R. H.R., Obenarimangason, H.R., Thorstrom, R. (2005): Breeding biology and diet of the banded kestrel <em>Falco zoniventris<\/em> on Masoala peninsula. Ostrich 76: 32-36. <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.peregrinefund.org\/docs\/pdf\/research-library\/2005\/2005-Rene-de-Roland-banded-kestrel.pdf\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-3\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 3 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-4\"><span>4<\/span><div>Moger, C. (2004): Birdwatching trip report. Available on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.birdtours.co.uk\/tripreports\/madagascar\/mad7\/mad-oct-04.htm\">http:\/\/www.birdtours.co.uk\/tripreports\/madagascar\/mad7\/mad-oct-04.htm<\/a>  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-4\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 4 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-5\"><span>5<\/span><div>Colebrook-Robjent, J.F.R. (1973): The breeding of the Madagascar banded kestrel. Bulletin of the British Ornithology club 93: 108-111.  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-5\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 5 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-6\"><span>6<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-6\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 6 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-7\"><span>7<\/span><div>Thorstrom, R. (1999): A description of the nests, diet and behaviour of the banded kestrel. Ostrich 70: 149-151. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233084632_A_description_of_nests_diet_and_behaviour_of_the_Banded_Kestrel\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-7\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 7 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-8\"><span>8<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-8\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 8 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-9\"><span>9<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. Download <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-9\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 9 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-10\"><span>10<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. Download <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-10\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 10 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-11\"><span>11<\/span><div>Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-11\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 11 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-12\"><span>12<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. Download <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-12\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 12 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-13\"><span>13<\/span><div> Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-13\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 13 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-14\"><span>14<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Randriamanga, I, Thorstrom, R. (2004): Nesting biology and diet of the Madagascar harrier (<em>Circus macrosceles<\/em>) in Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 38: 256-262. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2653&amp;context=jrr\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-14\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 14 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-15\"><span>15<\/span><div>Karpanty, S.M., Goodman, S.M. (1999): Diet of the Madagascar harrier-hawk <em>Polyboroides radiatus<\/em> in south-eastern Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 33: 313-316. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&amp;context=jrr\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-15\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 15 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-16\"><span>16<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Langrand, O.L. (1993): Food habits of the barn owl <em>Tyto alba<\/em> at three sites on Madagascar. Ostrich 64(4): 160-171. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/253784\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-16\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 16 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-17\"><span>17<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-17\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 17 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-18\"><span>18<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-18\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 18 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-19\"><span>19<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-19\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 19 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-20\"><span>20<\/span><div>Rakotomanana, H., Akamura, M.N., Yamagishi, S. (2001): Breeding ecology of the endemic hook-billed vanga, <em>Vanga curvirostris<\/em>, in Madagascar. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 33: 25-35. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/content\/documents\/ffae6799-245a-4c17-83f5-8de2f7dfe85e\/a7485c0e593947daa1949a8a38d094c8.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjN_MWai96SAxUKgP0HHZznCuMQFnoECCMQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw06gpoWWZ95kWpOzzQ8HlVs\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-20\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 20 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-21\"><span>21<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-21\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 21 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-22\"><span>22<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-22\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 22 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-23\"><span>23<\/span><div>Lamarca, G., Thorstrom, R. (1999): Breeding biology, diet and vocalization of the helmet vanga, <em>Euryceros prevostii<\/em>, on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Ostrich 71: 400-403. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/241723552_Breeding_biology_diet_and_vocalization_of_the_Helmet_Vanga_Euryceros_prevostii_on_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-23\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 23 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-24\"><span>24<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-24\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 24 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-25\"><span>25<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-25\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 25 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-26\"><span>26<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-26\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 26 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-27\"><span>27<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-27\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 27 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-28\"><span>28<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-28\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 28 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-29\"><span>29<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-29\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 29 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-30\"><span>30<\/span><div> Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-30\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 30 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-31\"><span>31<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-31\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 31 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-32\"><span>32<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-32\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 32 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-33\"><span>33<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-33\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 33 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-34\"><span>34<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-34\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 34 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-35\"><span>35<\/span><div>Jenkins, R.K.B. (2001): Observations on the white-thorated rail <em>Dryolimnas cuvieri<\/em> in Madagascar. Scopus 21: 65-67. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-35\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 35 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-36\"><span>36<\/span><div>Crottini, A., Harris, D.J., Irisarri, I.A., Lima, A., Rasamison, S., Rosa, G.M. (2010): Confirming Domergue: <em>Ithycyphus oursi<\/em> Domergue, 1986 predation upon <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> (Mocquard, 1894). Herpetology Notes 3: 127-131. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/161129\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-36\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 36 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-37\"><span>37<\/span><div>Domergue, C.A. (1986): Notes sur les serpents de la r\u00e9gion malgache VI. Le genre <em>Ithycyphus<\/em> G\u00fcnther 1973; description de deux esp\u00e8ces Nouvelles. Bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle Paris Ser. 4, Sec. A. 8: 409- 434. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/246218\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-37\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 37 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-38\"><span>38<\/span><div> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-38\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 38 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-39\"><span>38<\/span><div>Ava-Leigh. (2017): <em>Ithycyphus miniatus<\/em> feeding on a chameleon. Available on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.istockphoto.com\/de\/foto\/kleine-nacht-schlange-essen-ein-cham%C3%A4leon-nosy-komba-madagaskar-gm885409058-246015731%5b\/mfn\">https:\/\/www.istockphoto.com\/de\/foto\/kleine-nacht-schlange-essen-ein-cham%C3%A4leon-nosy-komba-madagaskar-gm885409058-246015731[\/mfn<\/a>] Aber auch Beobachtungen aus der Terraristik in Deutschland legen nahe, dass Cham\u00e4leons von dieser Schlange gerne verzehrt werden.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-38\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"38\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-38\">38<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"38\"><\/span>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (2007): Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3<sup>rd<\/sup> edition. Vences &amp; Glaw Verlag, Cologne, Germany. 498 pp.  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-39\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 38 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-40\"><span>39<\/span><div>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (2007): Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3<sup>rd<\/sup> edition. Vences &amp; Glaw Verlag, Cologne, Germany. 498 pp.  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-40\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 39 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-41\"><span>40<\/span><div> Andriamandimbiarisoa, L.N. (2007): Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e8tude de l\u2019histoire de trois esp\u00e8ces de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons de la region de Toliary, <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872) et <em>Furcifer antimena<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872): biologie, \u00e9cologie et \u00e9thologie de la reproduction. M\u00e9moire DEA, unpublished. D\u00e9partement de Biologie Animale, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar. 73 pages. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/230839\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-41\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 40 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-42\"><span>41<\/span><div>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (1996): Seltene Schlangen aus Madagaskar. TI Magazin 132: 41-45. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/de\/document\/view\/9397256\/seltene-schlangen-aus-madagaskar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-42\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 41 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-43\"><span>42<\/span><div>Negro, A., Radimbiniaina, H.Z. (2026): Rotten ready-to-eat: observation of a Malagasy Cat-eyed Snake, <em>Madagascarophis colubrinus<\/em> (Schlegel, 1837), feeding on the carcass of a Panther Chameleon, <em>Furcifer pardalis<\/em> (Cuvier, 1829). Herpetology Notes 19: 399-401. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/publikationen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-43\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 42 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-44\"><span>43<\/span><div>Kryukova, E.V., Ivanov, D.A., Kopylova, N.V., Starkov, V.G., Andreeva, T.V., Ivanov, I.A., Tsetlin, V.I., Utkin, Yu. N. (2023): A new peptide from the venom of the Madagascar cat-eyed snake <em>Madagascarophis colubrinus<\/em> blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry 49(3): 529-537. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1134\/S1068162023030159\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-44\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 43 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-45\"><span>44<\/span><div>Rosa, G.M., Boistel, R., Campantico, E., Gillet, B., Berg\u00f2, P.E., Andreone, F. (2014): Case solved: presence of toxin-secreting oral glands in the lamprophiid snake <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em> (Grandidier, 1867) from Madagascar. Zoomorphology 133: 417-423. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/286447\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-45\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 44 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-46\"><span>45<\/span><div> Ruane, S., Myers, E.A., Lo, K., Yuen, S., Welt, R.S., Juman, M., Futterman, I., Nussbaum, R.A., Schneider, G., Burbrink, F.T., Raxworthy, C.J. (2017): Unrecognized species diversity and new insights into colour pattern polymorphism within the widespread Malagasy snake <em>Mimophis<\/em> (Serpentes: Lamprohiidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 16(3): 1-16. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/286871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-46\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 45 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-47\"><span>46<\/span><div> Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-47\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 46 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-48\"><span>47<\/span><div> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-48\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 47 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-49\"><span>47<\/span><div> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2285525\/Snake-vs-chameleon-Moment-savage-serpent-strikes-defenceless-animal-toxic-paralysing-poison-eats-lunch.html%5b\/mfn\">https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2285525\/Snake-vs-chameleon-Moment-savage-serpent-strikes-defenceless-animal-toxic-paralysing-poison-eats-lunch.html[\/mfn<\/a>] Nahe des Andringitramassifs im S\u00fcdosten Madagaskars sammelten Wissenschaftler eine <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em>, in deren Magen sie ein k\u00fcrzlich gefressenes <em>Furcifer willsii<\/em> entdeckten.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-48\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"47\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-48\">47<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"47\"><\/span> Lob\u00f3n-Rovira, J., Belluardo, F., Rasoazanany, M., Rosa, G.M., Crottini, A. (2020): Canopy chameleon (<em>Furcifer willsii<\/em>) consumption by common big-eyed snake (<em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em>) in Fivahona Forest, eastern Madagascar. Malagasy Nature 14: 81-83. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/348382337_Canopy_chameleon_Furcifer_willsii_consumption_by_common_big-eyed_snake_Mimophis_mahfalensis_in_Fivahona_Forest_eastern_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-49\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 47 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-50\"><span>48<\/span><div> Rosa, G.M., Castelo Branco, J., Couto, H., Berg\u00f2, P.E., Andreone, F. (2016): <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em> (common big-eyed snake) predation on <em>Furcifer major<\/em> (giant carpet chameleon) in Isalo, Madagascar. The Herpetological Bulletin 138: 40-41. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebhs.org\/publications\/the-herpetological-bulletin\/issue-number-138-winter-2016\/970-14-i-mimophis-mahfalensis-i-common-big-eyed-snake-predation-on-i-furcifer-major-i-giant-carpet-chameleon-in-isalo-madagascar\/file\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-50\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 48 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-51\"><span>49<\/span><div>Andriamandimbiarisoa, L.N. (2007): Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e8tude de l\u2019histoire de trois esp\u00e8ces de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons de la region de Toliary, <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872) et <em>Furcifer antimena<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872): biologie, \u00e9cologie et \u00e9thologie de la reproduction. M\u00e9moire DEA, unpublished. D\u00e9partement de Biologie Animale, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar. 73 pages. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/230839\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-51\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 49 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-52\"><span>50<\/span><div>Edmonds, D.A., Sam-Edmonds, S.S. (2024): Predation on the chameleons <em>Calumma crypticum<\/em> Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 2006 and <em>C. gastrotaenia<\/em> (Boulenger, 1888) by the snake <em>Compsophis infralineatus<\/em> (G\u00fcnther, 1882) near Mandraka, Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 17: 327-328. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/www.biotaxa.org\/hn\/article\/view\/85200\/80490&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjopczhvZqVAxXhRfEDHQlwDVMQFnoECBcQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw2mC52hNl2WywOx2o069I16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-52\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 50 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-53\"><span>51<\/span><div>Edmonds, D.A., Sam-Edmonds, S.S. (2024): Predation on the chameleons <em>Calumma crypticum<\/em> Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 2006 and <em>C. gastrotaenia<\/em> (Boulenger, 1888) by the snake <em>Compsophis infralineatus<\/em> (G\u00fcnther, 1882) near Mandraka, Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 17: 327-328. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/384147944_Predation_on_the_chameleons_Calumma_crypticum_Raxworthy_and_Nussbaum_2006_and_C_gastrotaenia_Boulenger_1888_by_the_snake_Compsophis_infralineatus_Gunther_1882_near_Mandraka_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-53\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 51 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-54\"><span>52<\/span><div>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (2007): Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3<sup>rd<\/sup> edition. Vences &amp; Glaw Verlag, Cologne, Germany. 498 pp.  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-54\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 52 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-55\"><span>53<\/span><div>Kaloloha, A., Misandeau, C., Gehring, P.-S. (2011): Notes on the diversity and natural history of the snake fauna of Ambodiriana-Manompana, a protected rainforest site in north-eastern Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 4: 397-402. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Notes-on-the-diversity-and-natural-history-of-the-a-Kaloloha-Misandeau\/4aa01ab61434ae19c2c40800663886c80e8f054a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-55\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 53 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-56\"><span>54<\/span><div>Raxworthy, C.J. (1988): Reptiles, Rainforest and Conservation in Madagascar. Biological Conservation 43: 181-211. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/0006320788901139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-56\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 54 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-57\"><span>55<\/span><div>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (1996): Seltene Schlangen aus Madagaskar. TI Magazin 132: 41-45. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/de\/document\/view\/9397256\/seltene-schlangen-aus-madagaskar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-57\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 55 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-58\"><span>56<\/span><div>Knoll, A., Glaw, F., K\u00f6hler, J. (2009): The Malagasy snake <em>Pseudoxyrhopus ambreensis<\/em> preys upon chameleon eggs by shell slitting. Herpetology Notes 2: 161-162. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/263150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-58\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 56 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-59\"><span>57<\/span><div>Viol, A.L., Crowell, H.L., Lee, J.L., Schramer, T.D. (2025): Langaha madagascariensis (Malagasy Leaf-nosed Snake). Diet and reproduction. Herpetological Review 55(2): 284. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/389631879_LANGAHA_MADAGASCARIENSIS_Malagasy_Leaf-nosed_Snake_DIET_and_REPRODUCTION\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-59\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 57 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-60\"><span>58<\/span><div>Tingle, J.L. (2012): Field observations on the behavioral ecology of the Madagascan Leaf-nosed Snake, <em>Langaha madagascariensis<\/em>. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 7(3): 442-448. <a href=\"https:\/\/herpconbio.org\/Volume_7\/Issue_3\/Tingle_2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-60\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 58 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-61\"><span>59<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, A., Razarazafy, D., Fabrice, S. (2025): Predation on <em>Furcifer<\/em> sp. by Oustalet\u2019s Chameleon, <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> (Mocquard, 1894), in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 18: 305-306. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/392315972_Predation_on_Fulcifer_sp_by_Oustalet%27s_Chameleon_Fulcifer_oustaleti_Mocquard_1894_in_the_Central_Highlands_of_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-61\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 59 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-62\"><span>60<\/span><div>Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-62\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 60 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-63\"><span>61<\/span><div>D\u2019Cruze, N., Sabel, J.A. (2005): <em>Ptychadena mascariensis<\/em> (Mascarene ridged frog): Predation on an endemic Malagasy chameleon. Herpetological Bulletin 93: 26-27. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebhs.org\/publications\/the-herpetological-bulletin\/issue-number-93-autumn-2005\/2984-hb093-08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-63\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 61 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-64\"><span>62<\/span><div>Vences, M., Glaw, F., Zapp, C. (1999): Stomach content analyses in Malagasy frogs of the genera <em>Tomoptera<\/em>, <em>Aglyptodactylus<\/em>, <em>Boophis<\/em>, and <em>Mantidactylus<\/em> (Anura: Ranidae). Herpetozoa 11 (3\/4): 109-116. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zobodat.at\/pdf\/HER_11_3_4_0109-0116.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-64\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 62 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-65\"><span>63<\/span><div>Parcher, S.R. (1974): Observations on the Natural Histories of Six Malagasy Chamaeleontidae. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tierpsychologie 34:500\u2013523. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1974.tb01818.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-65\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 63 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-66\"><span>64<\/span><div>Oda, R. (1996): Predation on a Chameleon by a Ring-Tailed Lemur (<em>Lemur catta<\/em>) in the Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Folia Primatologica 67:40\u201343. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/239783040_Predation_on_a_Chameleon_by_a_Ring-Tailed_Lemur_Lemur_catta_in_the_Berenty_Reserve_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-66\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 64 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-67\"><span>65<\/span><div>Jolly, A., Caless, S., Cavigelli, S., Gould, L., Pereira, M.E., Pitts, A., Pride, R.E., Rabenandrasana, H.D., Walker, J.D., Zafison, T. (2000): Infant killing, wounding and predation in <em>Eulemur <\/em>and <em>Lemur<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 21:21-40. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1005467411880\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-67\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 65 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-68\"><span>66<\/span><div>Simmen, B., Hladik, A., Ramasiarisoa, P. (2003): \u00a0Food intake and dietary overlap in native <em>Lemur catta<\/em> and <em>Propithecus verreauxi<\/em> and introduced <em>Eulemur fulvus<\/em> at Berenty, southern Madagascar. International Journal of Primatology 24: 949\u2013968. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1026366309980\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-68\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 66 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-69\"><span>67<\/span><div>Ichino, S., Rambeloarivony, H. (2011): \u00a0New cases of vertebrate predation by the ring-tailed lemur (<em>Lemur catta<\/em>), with reference to differences from <em>Eulemur<\/em> species and other primates. African Study Monographs 32: 69\u201380. <a href=\"https:\/\/repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp\/bitstreams\/5a08d2b8-db9e-4f29-b907-5bcdbd3a89dd\/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-69\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 67 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-70\"><span>68<\/span><div>Jolly, A., Caless, S., Cavigelli, S., Gould, L., Pereira, M.E., Pitts, A., Pride, R.E., Rabenandrasana, H.D., Walker, J.D., Zafison, T. (2000): Infant killing, wounding and predation in <em>Eulemur <\/em>and <em>Lemur<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 21:21-40. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1005467411880\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-70\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 68 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-71\"><span>69<\/span><div>Dammhahn, M., Kappeler, P.M. (2008): Comparative feeding ecology of sympatric <em>Microcebus berthae<\/em> and <em>M. murinus<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1567\u20131589. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/biodiv\/content\/documents\/c576eec5-b997-43e7-b742-c5205d79f01e\/1921a8d509cb476db33275277a5d5107.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-71\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 69 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-72\"><span>70<\/span><div>Dammhahn, M., Kappeler, P.M. (2008): Comparative feeding ecology of sympatric <em>Microcebus berthae<\/em> and <em>M. murinus<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1567\u20131589. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/biodiv\/content\/documents\/c576eec5-b997-43e7-b742-c5205d79f01e\/1921a8d509cb476db33275277a5d5107.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-72\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 70 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-73\"><span>71<\/span><div> Parcher, S.R. (1974): Observations on the Natural Histories of Six Malagasy Chamaeleontidae. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tierpsychologie 34:500\u2013523. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1974.tb01818.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-73\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 71 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-74\"><span>72<\/span><div>Hladik, C.M., Charles-Dominique, P., Petter, J.J. (1980): Feeding strategies of five nocturnal prosimians in the dry forest of the west coast of Madagascar. In <em>Nocturnal Malagasy Primates. \u00a0Ecology, Physiology, and Behavior <\/em>(Charles-Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Page E, Pariente GF, et al., eds.), pp. 41\u201373. Academic Press, New York (USA). <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-74\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 72 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-75\"><span>73<\/span><div>Pages, E. (1980): Ethoecology of <em>Microcebus coquereli<\/em> during the dry season. In <em>Nocturnal Malagasy Primates.\u00a0 Ecology, Physiology, and Behavior <\/em>(Charles-Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Page E, Pariente GF, et al., eds.), pp. 97\u2013116. Academic Press, New York (USA). <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-75\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 73 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-76\"><span>74<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-76\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 74 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-77\"><span>75<\/span><div>Hawkins, C.E., Racey, P.A. (2008): Food habits of an endangered carnivore, <em>Cryptoprocta ferox<\/em>, in the dry deciduous forests of western Madagascar. Journal of Mammalogy 89(1): 64-74. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-77\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 75 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-78\"><span>76<\/span><div>Jenkins Richard K.B., Rabearivony Jeanneney, Rakotomanana Hajanirina (2009): Predation on chameleons in Madagascar: a review. African Journal of Herpetology 58(2): 131-136. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madagasikara-voakajy.org\/17-predation-on-chameleons-in-madagascar-a-review\/file\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-78\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 76 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-79\"><span>77<\/span><div>Thorstrom Russel, Ren\u00e9 de Roland Lily-Arison (2000): First nest description, breeding behaviour and distribution of the Madagascar Serpent-Eagle <em>Eutriorchis astur<\/em>. Ibis 142: 217-224. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Russell-Thorstrom\/publication\/227780668_First_nest_description_breeding_behaviour_and_distribution_of_the_Madagascar_Serpent-Eagle_Eutriorchis_astur\/links\/5aba5685a6fdcc0e3d9ed722\/First-nest-description-breeding-behaviour-and-distribution-of-the-Madagascar-Serpent-Eagle-Eutriorchis-astur.pdf?origin=publicationSearch&amp;_rtd=e30%3D&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6ImhvbWUiLCJwYWdlIjoic2VhcmNoIiwicG9zaXRpb24iOiJwYWdlSGVhZGVyIn19\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-79\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 77 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-80\"><span>78<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L.-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Razafimanajato,R. H.R., Obenarimangason, H.R., Thorstrom, R. (2005): Breeding biology and diet of the banded kestrel <em>Falco zoniventris<\/em> on Masoala peninsula. Ostrich 76: 32-36. <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.peregrinefund.org\/docs\/pdf\/research-library\/2005\/2005-Rene-de-Roland-banded-kestrel.pdf\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-80\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 78 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-81\"><span>79<\/span><div>Moger, C. (2004): Birdwatching trip report. Available on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.birdtours.co.uk\/tripreports\/madagascar\/mad7\/mad-oct-04.htm\">http:\/\/www.birdtours.co.uk\/tripreports\/madagascar\/mad7\/mad-oct-04.htm<\/a>  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-81\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 79 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-82\"><span>80<\/span><div>Colebrook-Robjent, J.F.R. (1973): The breeding oft he Madagascar banded kestrel. Bulletin of the British Ornithology club 93: 108-111.  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-82\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 80 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-83\"><span>81<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-83\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 81 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-84\"><span>82<\/span><div>Thorstrom, R. (1999): A description of the nests, diet and behaviour of the banded kestrel. Ostrich 70: 149-151. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233084632_A_description_of_nests_diet_and_behaviour_of_the_Banded_Kestrel\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-84\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 82 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-85\"><span>83<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-85\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 83 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-86\"><span>84<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. Download <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-86\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 84 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-87\"><span>85<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. Download <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-87\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 85 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-88\"><span>86<\/span><div>Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-88\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 86 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-89\"><span>87<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. Download <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-89\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 87 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-90\"><span>88<\/span><div> Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-90\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 88 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-91\"><span>89<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Randriamanga, I, Thorstrom, R. (2004): Nesting biology and diet of the Madagascar harrier (<em>Circus macrosceles<\/em>) in Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 38: 256-262. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2653&amp;context=jrr\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-91\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 89 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-92\"><span>90<\/span><div>Karpanty, S.M., Goodman, S.M. (1999): Diet of the Madagascar harrier-hawk <em>Polyboroides radiatus<\/em> in south-eastern Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 33: 313-316. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&amp;context=jrr\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-92\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 90 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-93\"><span>91<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Langrand, O.L. (1993): Food habits of the barn owl <em>Tyto alba<\/em> at three sites on Madagascar. Ostrich 64(4): 160-171. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/253784\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-93\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 91 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-94\"><span>92<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-94\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 92 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-95\"><span>93<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-95\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 93 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-96\"><span>94<\/span><div>Rakotomanana, H., Akamura, M.N., Yamagishi, S. (2001): Breeding ecology of the endemic hook-billed vanga, <em>Vanga curvirostris<\/em>, in Madagascar. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 33: 25-35. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/content\/documents\/ffae6799-245a-4c17-83f5-8de2f7dfe85e\/a7485c0e593947daa1949a8a38d094c8.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjN_MWai96SAxUKgP0HHZznCuMQFnoECCMQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw06gpoWWZ95kWpOzzQ8HlVs\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-96\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 94 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-97\"><span>95<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-97\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 95 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-98\"><span>96<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-98\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 96 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-99\"><span>97<\/span><div>Lamarca, G., Thorstrom, R. (1999): Breeding biology, diet and vocalization of the helmet vanga, <em>Euryceros prevostii<\/em>, on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Ostrich 71: 400-403. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/241723552_Breeding_biology_diet_and_vocalization_of_the_Helmet_Vanga_Euryceros_prevostii_on_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-99\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 97 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-100\"><span>98<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-100\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 98 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-101\"><span>99<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-101\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 99 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-102\"><span>100<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-102\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 100 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-103\"><span>101<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-103\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 101 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-104\"><span>102<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-104\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 102 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-105\"><span>103<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-105\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 103 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-106\"><span>104<\/span><div> Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-106\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 104 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-107\"><span>105<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-107\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 105 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-108\"><span>106<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-108\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 106 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-109\"><span>107<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-109\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 107 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-110\"><span>108<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-110\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 108 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-111\"><span>109<\/span><div>Jenkins, R.K.B. (2001): Observations on the white-thorated rail <em>Dryolimnas cuvieri<\/em> in Madagascar. Scopus 21: 65-67. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-111\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 109 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-112\"><span>110<\/span><div>Crottini, A., Harris, D.J., Irisarri, I.A., Lima, A., Rasamison, S., Rosa, G.M. (2010): Confirming Domergue: <em>Ithycyphus oursi<\/em> Domergue, 1986 predation upon <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> (Mocquard, 1894). Herpetology Notes 3: 127-131. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/161129\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-112\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 110 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-113\"><span>111<\/span><div>Domergue, C.A. (1986): Notes sur les serpents de la r\u00e9gion malgache VI. Le genre <em>Ithycyphus<\/em> G\u00fcnther 1973; description de deux esp\u00e8ces nouvelles. Bulletin du Mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle Paris Ser. 4, Sec. A. 8: 409-434. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/246218\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-113\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 111 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-114\"><span>112<\/span><div> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-114\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 112 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-115\"><span>112<\/span><div>Ava-Leigh. (2017): <em>Ithycyphus miniatus<\/em> feeding on a chameleon. Available on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.istockphoto.com\/de\/foto\/kleine-nacht-schlange-essen-ein-cham%C3%A4leon-nosy-komba-madagaskar-gm885409058-246015731%5b\/mfn\">https:\/\/www.istockphoto.com\/de\/foto\/kleine-nacht-schlange-essen-ein-cham%C3%A4leon-nosy-komba-madagaskar-gm885409058-246015731[\/mfn<\/a>] However, observations from the terrarium hobby in Germany also suggest that chameleons are a favourite food of this snake.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-114\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"112\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-114\">112<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"112\"><\/span>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (2007): Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3<sup>rd<\/sup> edition. Vences &amp; Glaw Verlag, Cologne, Germany. 498 pp.  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-115\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 112 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-116\"><span>113<\/span><div>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (2007): Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3<sup>rd<\/sup> edition. Vences &amp; Glaw Verlag, Cologne, Germany. 498 pp.  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-116\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 113 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-117\"><span>114<\/span><div> Andriamandimbiarisoa, L.N. (2007): Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de l\u2019histoire de trois esp\u00e8ces de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons de la r\u00e9gion de Toliary, <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872) et <em>Furcifer antimena<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872): biologie, \u00e9cologie et \u00e9thologie de la reproduction. M\u00e9moire DEA, unpublished. D\u00e9partement de Biologie Animale, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar. 73 pages. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/230839\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-117\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 114 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-118\"><span>115<\/span><div>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (1996): Seltene Schlangen aus Madagaskar. TI Magazin 132: 41-45. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/de\/document\/view\/9397256\/seltene-schlangen-aus-madagaskar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-118\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 115 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-119\"><span>116<\/span><div>Negro, A., Radimbiniaina, H.Z. (2026): Rotten ready-to-eat: observation of a Malagasy Cat-eyed Snake, <em>Madagascarophis colubrinus<\/em> (Schlegel, 1837), feeding on the carcass of a Panther Chameleon, <em>Furcifer pardalis<\/em> (Cuvier, 1829). Herpetology Notes 19: 399-401. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/publikationen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-119\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 116 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-120\"><span>117<\/span><div>Kryukova, E.V., Ivanov, D.A., Kopylova, N.V., Starkov, V.G., Andreeva, T.V., Ivanov, I.A., Tsetlin, V.I., Utkin, Yu. N. (2023): A new peptide from the venom of the Madagascar cat-eyed snake <em>Madagascarophis colubrinus<\/em> blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry 49(3): 529-537. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1134\/S1068162023030159\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-120\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 117 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-121\"><span>118<\/span><div>Rosa, G.M., Boistel, R., Campantico, E., Gillet, B., Berg\u00f2, P.E., Andreone, F. (2014): Case solved: presence of toxin-secreting oral glands in the lamprophiid snake <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em> (Grandidier, 1867) from Madagascar. Zoomorphology 133: 417-423. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/286447\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-121\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 118 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-122\"><span>119<\/span><div> Ruane, S., Myers, E.A., Lo, K., Yuen, S., Welt, R.S., Juman, M., Futterman, I., Nussbaum, R.A., Schneider, G., Burbrink, F.T., Raxworthy, C.J. (2017): Unrecognized species diversity and new insights into colour pattern polymorphism within the widespread Malagasy snake <em>Mimophis<\/em> (Serpentes: Lamprohiidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 16(3): 1-16. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/286871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-122\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 119 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-123\"><span>120<\/span><div> Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-123\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 120 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-124\"><span>121<\/span><div> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-124\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 121 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-125\"><span>121<\/span><div> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2285525\/Snake-vs-chameleon-Moment-savage-serpent-strikes-defenceless-animal-toxic-paralysing-poison-eats-lunch.html%5b\/mfn\">https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2285525\/Snake-vs-chameleon-Moment-savage-serpent-strikes-defenceless-animal-toxic-paralysing-poison-eats-lunch.html[\/mfn<\/a>]\u00a0Near the Andringitra massif in south-eastern Madagascar, scientists collected a <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em>, in whose stomach they discovered a recently ingested <em>Furcifer willsii<\/em>.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-124\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"121\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-124\">121<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"121\"><\/span> Lob\u00f3n-Rovira, J., Belluardo, F., Rasoazanany, M., Rosa, G.M., Crottini, A. (2020): Canopy chameleon (<em>Furcifer willsii<\/em>) consumption by common big-eyed snake (<em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em>) in Fivahona Forest, eastern Madagascar. Malagasy Nature 14: 81-83. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/348382337_Canopy_chameleon_Furcifer_willsii_consumption_by_common_big-eyed_snake_Mimophis_mahfalensis_in_Fivahona_Forest_eastern_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-125\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 121 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-126\"><span>122<\/span><div> Rosa, G.M., Castelo Branco, J., Couto, H., Berg\u00f2, P.E., Andreone, F. (2016): <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em> (common big-eyed snake) predation on <em>Furcifer major<\/em> (giant carpet chameleon) in Isalo, Madagascar. The Herpetological Bulletin 138: 40-41. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebhs.org\/publications\/the-herpetological-bulletin\/issue-number-138-winter-2016\/970-14-i-mimophis-mahfalensis-i-common-big-eyed-snake-predation-on-i-furcifer-major-i-giant-carpet-chameleon-in-isalo-madagascar\/file\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-126\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 122 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-127\"><span>123<\/span><div>Andriamandimbiarisoa, L.N. (2007): Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e8tude de l\u2019histoire de trois esp\u00e8ces de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons de la region de Toliary, <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872) et <em>Furcifer antimena<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872): biologie, \u00e9cologie et \u00e9thologie de la reproduction. M\u00e9moire DEA, unpublished. D\u00e9partement de Biologie Animale, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar. 73 pages. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/230839\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-127\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 123 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-128\"><span>124<\/span><div>Edmonds, D.A., Sam-Edmonds, S.S. (2024): Predation on the chameleons <em>Calumma crypticum<\/em> Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 2006 and <em>C. gastrotaenia<\/em> (Boulenger, 1888) by the snake <em>Compsophis infralineatus<\/em> (G\u00fcnther, 1882) near Mandraka, Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 17: 327-328. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/www.biotaxa.org\/hn\/article\/view\/85200\/80490&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjopczhvZqVAxXhRfEDHQlwDVMQFnoECBcQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw2mC52hNl2WywOx2o069I16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-128\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 124 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-129\"><span>125<\/span><div>Edmonds, D.A., Sam-Edmonds, S.S. (2024): Predation on the chameleons <em>Calumma crypticum<\/em> Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 2006 and <em>C. gastrotaenia<\/em> (Boulenger, 1888) by the snake <em>Compsophis infralineatus<\/em> (G\u00fcnther, 1882) near Mandraka, Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 17: 327-328. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/384147944_Predation_on_the_chameleons_Calumma_crypticum_Raxworthy_and_Nussbaum_2006_and_C_gastrotaenia_Boulenger_1888_by_the_snake_Compsophis_infralineatus_Gunther_1882_near_Mandraka_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-129\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 125 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-130\"><span>126<\/span><div>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (2007): Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3<sup>rd<\/sup> edition. Vences &amp; Glaw Verlag, Cologne, Germany. 498 pp.  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-130\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 126 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-131\"><span>127<\/span><div>Kaloloha, A., Misandeau, C., Gehring, P.-S. (2011): Notes on the diversity and natural history of the snake fauna of Ambodiriana-Manompana, a protected rainforest site in north-eastern Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 4: 397-402. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Notes-on-the-diversity-and-natural-history-of-the-a-Kaloloha-Misandeau\/4aa01ab61434ae19c2c40800663886c80e8f054a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-131\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 127 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-132\"><span>128<\/span><div>Raxworthy, C.J. (1988): Reptiles, Rainforest and Conservation in Madagascar. Biological Conservation 43: 181-211. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/0006320788901139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-132\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 128 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-133\"><span>129<\/span><div>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (1996): Seltene Schlangen aus Madagaskar. TI Magazin 132: 41-45. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/de\/document\/view\/9397256\/seltene-schlangen-aus-madagaskar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-133\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 129 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-134\"><span>130<\/span><div>Knoll, A., Glaw, F., K\u00f6hler, J. (2009): The Malagasy snake <em>Pseudoxyrhophus ambreensis<\/em> preys upon chameleon eggs by shell slitting. Herpetology Notes 2: 161-162. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/263150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-134\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 130 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-135\"><span>131<\/span><div>Viol, A.L., Crowell, H.L., Lee, J.L., Schramer, T.D. (2025): Langaha madagascariensis (Malagasy Leaf-nosed Snake). Diet and reproduction. Herpetological Review 55(2): 284. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/389631879_LANGAHA_MADAGASCARIENSIS_Malagasy_Leaf-nosed_Snake_DIET_and_REPRODUCTION\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-135\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 131 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-136\"><span>132<\/span><div>Tingle, J.L. (2012): Field observations on the behavioral ecology of the Madagascan Leaf-nosed Snake, <em>Langaha madagascariensis<\/em>. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 7(3): 442-448. <a href=\"https:\/\/herpconbio.org\/Volume_7\/Issue_3\/Tingle_2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-136\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 132 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-137\"><span>133<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, A., Razarazafy, D., Fabrice, S. (2025): Predation on <em>Furcifer<\/em> sp. by Oustalet\u2019s Chameleon, <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> (Mocquard, 1894), in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 18: 305-306. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/392315972_Predation_on_Fulcifer_sp_by_Oustalet%27s_Chameleon_Fulcifer_oustaleti_Mocquard_1894_in_the_Central_Highlands_of_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-137\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 133 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-138\"><span>134<\/span><div>Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-138\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 134 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-139\"><span>135<\/span><div>D\u2019Cruze, N., Sabel, J.A. (2005): <em>Ptychadena mascariensis<\/em> (Mascarene ridged frog): Predation on an endemic Malagasy chameleon. Herpetological Bulletin 93: 26-27. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebhs.org\/publications\/the-herpetological-bulletin\/issue-number-93-autumn-2005\/2984-hb093-08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-139\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 135 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-140\"><span>136<\/span><div>Vences, M., Glaw, F., Zapp, C. (1999): Stomach content analyses in Malagasy frogs of the genera <em>Tomoptera<\/em>, <em>Aglyptodactylus<\/em>, <em>Boophis<\/em>, and <em>Mantidactylus<\/em> (Anura: Ranidae). Herpetozoa 11 (3\/4): 109-116. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zobodat.at\/pdf\/HER_11_3_4_0109-0116.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-140\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 136 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-141\"><span>137<\/span><div>Parcher, S.R. (1974): Observations on the Natural Histories of Six Malagasy Chamaeleontidae. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tierpsychologie 34:500\u2013523. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1974.tb01818.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-141\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 137 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-142\"><span>138<\/span><div>Oda, R. (1996): Predation on a Chameleon by a Ring-Tailed Lemur (<em>Lemur catta<\/em>) in the Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Folia Primatologica 67:40\u201343. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/239783040_Predation_on_a_Chameleon_by_a_Ring-Tailed_Lemur_Lemur_catta_in_the_Berenty_Reserve_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-142\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 138 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-143\"><span>139<\/span><div>Jolly, A., Caless, S., Cavigelli, S., Gould, L., Pereira, M.E., Pitts, A., Pride, R.E., Rabenandrasana, H.D., Walker, J.D., Zafison, T. (2000): Infant killing, wounding and predation in <em>Eulemur <\/em>and <em>Lemur<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 21:21-40. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1005467411880\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-143\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 139 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-144\"><span>140<\/span><div>Simmen, B., Hladik, A., Ramasiarisoa, P. (2003): \u00a0Food intake and dietary overlap in native <em>Lemur catta<\/em> and <em>Propithecus verreauxi<\/em> and introduced <em>Eulemur fulvus<\/em> at Berenty, southern Madagascar. International Journal of Primatology 24: 949\u2013968. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1026366309980\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-144\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 140 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-145\"><span>141<\/span><div>Ichino, S., Rambeloarivony, H. (2011): \u00a0New cases of vertebrate predation by the ring-tailed lemur (<em>Lemur catta<\/em>), with reference to differences from <em>Eulemur<\/em> species and other primates. African Study Monographs 32: 69\u201380. <a href=\"https:\/\/repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp\/bitstreams\/5a08d2b8-db9e-4f29-b907-5bcdbd3a89dd\/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-145\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 141 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-146\"><span>142<\/span><div>Jolly, A., Caless, S., Cavigelli, S., Gould, L., Pereira, M.E., Pitts, A., Pride, R.E., Rabenandrasana, H.D., Walker, J.D., Zafison, T. (2000): Infant killing, wounding and predation in <em>Eulemur <\/em>and <em>Lemur<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 21:21-40. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1005467411880\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-146\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 142 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-147\"><span>143<\/span><div>Dammhahn, M., Kappeler, P.M. (2008): Comparative feeding ecology of sympatric <em>Microcebus berthae<\/em> and <em>M. murinus<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1567\u20131589. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/biodiv\/content\/documents\/c576eec5-b997-43e7-b742-c5205d79f01e\/1921a8d509cb476db33275277a5d5107.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-147\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 143 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-148\"><span>144<\/span><div>Dammhahn, M., Kappeler, P.M. (2008): Comparative feeding ecology of sympatric <em>Microcebus berthae<\/em> and <em>M. murinus<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1567\u20131589. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/biodiv\/content\/documents\/c576eec5-b997-43e7-b742-c5205d79f01e\/1921a8d509cb476db33275277a5d5107.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-148\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 144 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-149\"><span>145<\/span><div> Parcher, S.R. (1974): Observations on the Natural Histories of Six Malagasy Chamaeleontidae. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tierpsychologie 34:500\u2013523. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1974.tb01818.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-149\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 145 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-150\"><span>146<\/span><div>Hladik, C.M., Charles-Dominique, P., Petter, J.J. (1980): Feeding strategies of five nocturnal prosimians in the dry forest of the west coast of Madagascar. In <em>Nocturnal Malagasy Primates. \u00a0Ecology, Physiology, and Behavior <\/em>(Charles-Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Page E, Pariente GF, et al., eds.), pp. 41\u201373. Academic Press, New York (USA). <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-150\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 146 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-151\"><span>147<\/span><div>Pages, E. (1980): Ethoecology of <em>Microcebus coquereli<\/em> during the dry season. In <em>Nocturnal Malagasy Primates.\u00a0 Ecology, Physiology, and Behavior <\/em>(Charles-Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Page E, Pariente GF, et al., eds.), pp. 97\u2013116. Academic Press, New York (USA). <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-151\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 147 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-152\"><span>148<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-152\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 148 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-153\"><span>149<\/span><div>Hawkins, C.E., Racey, P.A. (2008): Food habits of an endangered carnivore, <em>Cryptoprocta ferox<\/em>, in the dry deciduous forests of western Madagascar. Journal of Mammalogy 89(1): 64-74. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-153\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 149 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-154\"><span>150<\/span><div>Jenkins Richard K.B., Rabearivony Jeanneney, Rakotomanana Hajanirina (2009): Predation on chameleons in Madagascar: a review. African Journal of Herpetology 58(2): 131-136. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madagasikara-voakajy.org\/17-predation-on-chameleons-in-madagascar-a-review\/file\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-154\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 150 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-155\"><span>151<\/span><div>Thorstrom Russel, Ren\u00e9 de Roland Lily-Arison (2000): First nest description, breeding behaviour and distribution of the Madagascar Serpent-Eagle <em>Eutriorchis astur<\/em>. Ibis 142: 217-224. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Russell-Thorstrom\/publication\/227780668_First_nest_description_breeding_behaviour_and_distribution_of_the_Madagascar_Serpent-Eagle_Eutriorchis_astur\/links\/5aba5685a6fdcc0e3d9ed722\/First-nest-description-breeding-behaviour-and-distribution-of-the-Madagascar-Serpent-Eagle-Eutriorchis-astur.pdf?origin=publicationSearch&amp;_rtd=e30%3D&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6ImhvbWUiLCJwYWdlIjoic2VhcmNoIiwicG9zaXRpb24iOiJwYWdlSGVhZGVyIn19\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-155\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 151 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-156\"><span>152<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L.-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Razafimanajato,R. H.R., Obenarimangason, H.R., Thorstrom, R. (2005): Breeding biology and diet of the banded kestrel <em>Falco zoniventris<\/em> on Masoala peninsula. Ostrich 76: 32-36. <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.peregrinefund.org\/docs\/pdf\/research-library\/2005\/2005-Rene-de-Roland-banded-kestrel.pdf\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-156\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 152 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-157\"><span>153<\/span><div>Moger, C. (2004): Birdwatching trip report. Available on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.birdtours.co.uk\/tripreports\/madagascar\/mad7\/mad-oct-04.htm\">http:\/\/www.birdtours.co.uk\/tripreports\/madagascar\/mad7\/mad-oct-04.htm<\/a>  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-157\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 153 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-158\"><span>154<\/span><div>Colebrook-Robjent, J.F.R. (1973): The breeding of the Madagascar banded kestrel. Bulletin of the British Ornithology club 93: 108-111.  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-158\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 154 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-159\"><span>155<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-159\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 155 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-160\"><span>156<\/span><div>Thorstrom, R. (1999): A description of the nests, diet and behaviour of the banded kestrel. Ostrich 70: 149-151. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233084632_A_description_of_nests_diet_and_behaviour_of_the_Banded_Kestrel\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-160\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 156 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-161\"><span>157<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-161\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 157 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-162\"><span>158<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. Download <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-162\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 158 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-163\"><span>159<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. Download <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-163\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 159 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-164\"><span>160<\/span><div>Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-164\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 160 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-165\"><span>161<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. Download <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-165\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 161 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-166\"><span>162<\/span><div> Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-166\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 162 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-167\"><span>163<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Randriamanga, I, Thorstrom, R. (2004): Nesting biology and diet of the Madagascar harrier (<em>Circus macrosceles<\/em>) in Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 38: 256-262. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2653&amp;context=jrr\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-167\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 163 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-168\"><span>164<\/span><div>Karpanty, S.M., Goodman, S.M. (1999): Diet of the Madagascar harrier-hawk <em>Polyboroides radiatus<\/em> in south-eastern Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 33: 313-316. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&amp;context=jrr\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-168\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 164 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-169\"><span>165<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Langrand, O.L. (1993): Food habits of the barn owl <em>Tyto alba<\/em> at three sites on Madagascar. Ostrich 64(4): 160-171. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/253784\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-169\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 165 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-170\"><span>166<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-170\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 166 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-171\"><span>167<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-171\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 167 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-172\"><span>168<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-172\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 168 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-173\"><span>169<\/span><div>Rakotomanana, H., Akamura, M.N., Yamagishi, S. (2001): Breeding ecology of the endemic hook-billed vanga, <em>Vanga curvirostris<\/em>, in Madagascar. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 33: 25-35. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/content\/documents\/ffae6799-245a-4c17-83f5-8de2f7dfe85e\/a7485c0e593947daa1949a8a38d094c8.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjN_MWai96SAxUKgP0HHZznCuMQFnoECCMQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw06gpoWWZ95kWpOzzQ8HlVs\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-173\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 169 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-174\"><span>170<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-174\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 170 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-175\"><span>171<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-175\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 171 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-176\"><span>172<\/span><div>Lamarca, G., Thorstrom, R. (1999): Breeding biology, diet and vocalization of the helmet vanga, <em>Euryceros prevostii<\/em>, on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Ostrich 71: 400-403. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/241723552_Breeding_biology_diet_and_vocalization_of_the_Helmet_Vanga_Euryceros_prevostii_on_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-176\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 172 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-177\"><span>173<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-177\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 173 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-178\"><span>174<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-178\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 174 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-179\"><span>175<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-179\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 175 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-180\"><span>176<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-180\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 176 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-181\"><span>177<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-181\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 177 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-182\"><span>178<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-182\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 178 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-183\"><span>179<\/span><div> Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-183\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 179 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-184\"><span>180<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-184\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 180 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-185\"><span>181<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-185\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 181 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-186\"><span>182<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-186\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 182 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-187\"><span>183<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-187\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 183 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-188\"><span>184<\/span><div>Jenkins, R.K.B. (2001): Observations on the white-thorated rail <em>Dryolimnas cuvieri<\/em> in Madagascar. Scopus 21: 65-67. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-188\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 184 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-189\"><span>185<\/span><div>Crottini, A., Harris, D.J., Irisarri, I.A., Lima, A., Rasamison, S., Rosa, G.M. (2010): Confirming Domergue: <em>Ithycyphus oursi<\/em> Domergue, 1986 predation upon <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> (Mocquard, 1894). Herpetology Notes 3: 127-131. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/161129\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-189\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 185 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-190\"><span>186<\/span><div>Domergue, C.A. (1986): Notes sur les serpents de la r\u00e9gion malgache VI. Le genre <em>Ithycyphus<\/em> G\u00fcnther 1973; description de deux esp\u00e8ces Nouvelles. Bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle Paris Ser. 4, Sec. A. 8: 409- 434. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/246218\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-190\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 186 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-191\"><span>187<\/span><div> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-191\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 187 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-192\"><span>187<\/span><div>Ava-Leigh. (2017): <em>Ithycyphus miniatus<\/em> feeding on a chameleon. Available on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.istockphoto.com\/de\/foto\/kleine-nacht-schlange-essen-ein-cham%C3%A4leon-nosy-komba-madagaskar-gm885409058-246015731%5b\/mfn\">https:\/\/www.istockphoto.com\/de\/foto\/kleine-nacht-schlange-essen-ein-cham%C3%A4leon-nosy-komba-madagaskar-gm885409058-246015731[\/mfn<\/a>] Mais des observations issues de la pratique de la terrariophilie en Allemagne sugg\u00e8rent \u00e9galement que les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons constituent une proie de pr\u00e9dilection pour ce serpent.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-191\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"187\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-191\">187<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"187\"><\/span>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (2007): Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3<sup>rd<\/sup> edition. Vences &amp; Glaw Verlag, Cologne, Germany. 498 pp.  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-192\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 187 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-193\"><span>188<\/span><div>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (2007): Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3<sup>rd<\/sup> edition. Vences &amp; Glaw Verlag, Cologne, Germany. 498 pp.  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-193\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 188 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-194\"><span>189<\/span><div> Andriamandimbiarisoa, L.N. (2007): Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e8tude de l\u2019histoire de trois esp\u00e8ces de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons de la region de Toliary, <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872) et <em>Furcifer antimena<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872): biologie, \u00e9cologie et \u00e9thologie de la reproduction. M\u00e9moire DEA, unpublished. D\u00e9partement de Biologie Animale, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar. 73 pages. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/230839\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-194\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 189 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-195\"><span>190<\/span><div>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (1996): Seltene Schlangen aus Madagaskar. TI Magazin 132: 41-45. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/de\/document\/view\/9397256\/seltene-schlangen-aus-madagaskar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-195\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 190 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-196\"><span>191<\/span><div>Negro, A., Radimbiniaina, H.Z. (2026): Rotten ready-to-eat: observation of a Malagasy Cat-eyed Snake, <em>Madagascarophis colubrinus<\/em> (Schlegel, 1837), feeding on the carcass of a Panther Chameleon, <em>Furcifer pardalis<\/em> (Cuvier, 1829). Herpetology Notes 19: 399-401. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/publikationen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-196\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 191 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-197\"><span>192<\/span><div>Kryukova, E.V., Ivanov, D.A., Kopylova, N.V., Starkov, V.G., Andreeva, T.V., Ivanov, I.A., Tsetlin, V.I., Utkin, Yu. N. (2023): A new peptide from the venom of the Madagascar cat-eyed snake <em>Madagascarophis colubrinus<\/em> blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry 49(3): 529-537. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1134\/S1068162023030159\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-197\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 192 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-198\"><span>193<\/span><div>Rosa, G.M., Boistel, R., Campantico, E., Gillet, B., Berg\u00f2, P.E., Andreone, F. (2014): Case solved: presence of toxin-secreting oral glands in the lamprophiid snake <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em> (Grandidier, 1867) from Madagascar. Zoomorphology 133: 417-423. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/286447\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-198\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 193 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-199\"><span>194<\/span><div> Ruane, S., Myers, E.A., Lo, K., Yuen, S., Welt, R.S., Juman, M., Futterman, I., Nussbaum, R.A., Schneider, G., Burbrink, F.T., Raxworthy, C.J. (2017): Unrecognized species diversity and new insights into colour pattern polymorphism within the widespread Malagasy snake <em>Mimophis<\/em> (Serpentes: Lamprohiidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 16(3): 1-16. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/286871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-199\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 194 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-200\"><span>195<\/span><div> Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-200\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 195 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-201\"><span>196<\/span><div> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-201\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 196 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-202\"><span>196<\/span><div> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2285525\/Snake-vs-chameleon-Moment-savage-serpent-strikes-defenceless-animal-toxic-paralysing-poison-eats-lunch.html%5b\/mfn\">https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2285525\/Snake-vs-chameleon-Moment-savage-serpent-strikes-defenceless-animal-toxic-paralysing-poison-eats-lunch.html[\/mfn<\/a>]\u00a0Pr\u00e8s du massif de l&#8217;Andringitra, au sud-est de Madagascar, des scientifiques ont captur\u00e9 un <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em> dont ils ont d\u00e9couvert, dans l&#8217;estomac, un <em>Furcifer willsii<\/em> r\u00e9cemment ing\u00e9r\u00e9.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-201\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"196\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000044100000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-201\">196<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"196\"><\/span> Lob\u00f3n-Rovira, J., Belluardo, F., Rasoazanany, M., Rosa, G.M., Crottini, A. (2020): Canopy chameleon (<em>Furcifer willsii<\/em>) consumption by common big-eyed snake (<em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em>) in Fivahona Forest, eastern Madagascar. Malagasy Nature 14: 81-83. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/348382337_Canopy_chameleon_Furcifer_willsii_consumption_by_common_big-eyed_snake_Mimophis_mahfalensis_in_Fivahona_Forest_eastern_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-202\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 196 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-203\"><span>197<\/span><div> Rosa, G.M., Castelo Branco, J., Couto, H., Berg\u00f2, P.E., Andreone, F. (2016): <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em> (common big-eyed snake) predation on <em>Furcifer major<\/em> (giant carpet chameleon) in Isalo, Madagascar. The Herpetological Bulletin 138: 40-41. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebhs.org\/publications\/the-herpetological-bulletin\/issue-number-138-winter-2016\/970-14-i-mimophis-mahfalensis-i-common-big-eyed-snake-predation-on-i-furcifer-major-i-giant-carpet-chameleon-in-isalo-madagascar\/file\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-203\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 197 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-204\"><span>198<\/span><div>Andriamandimbiarisoa, L.N. (2007): Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e8tude de l\u2019histoire de trois esp\u00e8ces de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons de la region de Toliary, <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872) et <em>Furcifer antimena<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872): biologie, \u00e9cologie et \u00e9thologie de la reproduction. M\u00e9moire DEA, unpublished. D\u00e9partement de Biologie Animale, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar. 73 pages. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/230839\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-204\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 198 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-205\"><span>199<\/span><div>Edmonds, D.A., Sam-Edmonds, S.S. (2024): Predation on the chameleons <em>Calumma crypticum<\/em> Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 2006 and <em>C. gastrotaenia<\/em> (Boulenger, 1888) by the snake <em>Compsophis infralineatus<\/em> (G\u00fcnther, 1882) near Mandraka, Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 17: 327-328. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/www.biotaxa.org\/hn\/article\/view\/85200\/80490&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjopczhvZqVAxXhRfEDHQlwDVMQFnoECBcQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw2mC52hNl2WywOx2o069I16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-205\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 199 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-206\"><span>200<\/span><div>Edmonds, D.A., Sam-Edmonds, S.S. (2024): Predation on the chameleons <em>Calumma crypticum<\/em> Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 2006 and <em>C. gastrotaenia<\/em> (Boulenger, 1888) by the snake <em>Compsophis infralineatus<\/em> (G\u00fcnther, 1882) near Mandraka, Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 17: 327-328. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/384147944_Predation_on_the_chameleons_Calumma_crypticum_Raxworthy_and_Nussbaum_2006_and_C_gastrotaenia_Boulenger_1888_by_the_snake_Compsophis_infralineatus_Gunther_1882_near_Mandraka_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-206\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 200 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-207\"><span>201<\/span><div>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (2007): Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3<sup>rd<\/sup> edition. Vences &amp; Glaw Verlag, Cologne, Germany. 498 pp.  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-207\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 201 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-208\"><span>202<\/span><div>Kaloloha, A., Misandeau, C., Gehring, P.-S. (2011): Notes on the diversity and natural history of the snake fauna of Ambodiriana-Manompana, a protected rainforest site in north-eastern Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 4: 397-402. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Notes-on-the-diversity-and-natural-history-of-the-a-Kaloloha-Misandeau\/4aa01ab61434ae19c2c40800663886c80e8f054a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-208\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 202 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-209\"><span>203<\/span><div>Raxworthy, C.J. (1988): Reptiles, Rainforest and Conservation in Madagascar. Biological Conservation 43: 181-211. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/0006320788901139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-209\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 203 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-210\"><span>204<\/span><div>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (1996): Seltene Schlangen aus Madagaskar. TI Magazin 132: 41-45. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/de\/document\/view\/9397256\/seltene-schlangen-aus-madagaskar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-210\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 204 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-211\"><span>205<\/span><div>Knoll, A., Glaw, F., K\u00f6hler, J. (2009): The Malagasy snake <em>Pseudoxyrhopus ambreensis<\/em> preys upon chameleon eggs by shell slitting. Herpetology Notes 2: 161-162. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/263150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-211\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 205 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-212\"><span>206<\/span><div>Viol, A.L., Crowell, H.L., Lee, J.L., Schramer, T.D. (2025): Langaha madagascariensis (Malagasy Leaf-nosed Snake). Diet and reproduction. Herpetological Review 55(2): 284. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/389631879_LANGAHA_MADAGASCARIENSIS_Malagasy_Leaf-nosed_Snake_DIET_and_REPRODUCTION\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-212\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 206 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-213\"><span>207<\/span><div>Tingle, J.L. (2012): Field observations on the behavioral ecology of the Madagascan Leaf-nosed Snake, <em>Langaha madagascariensis<\/em>. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 7(3): 442-448. <a href=\"https:\/\/herpconbio.org\/Volume_7\/Issue_3\/Tingle_2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-213\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 207 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-214\"><span>208<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, A., Razarazafy, D., Fabrice, S. (2025): Predation on <em>Furcifer<\/em> sp. by Oustalet\u2019s Chameleon, <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> (Mocquard, 1894), in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 18: 305-306. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/392315972_Predation_on_Fulcifer_sp_by_Oustalet%27s_Chameleon_Fulcifer_oustaleti_Mocquard_1894_in_the_Central_Highlands_of_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-214\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 208 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-215\"><span>209<\/span><div>Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-215\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 209 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-216\"><span>210<\/span><div>D\u2019Cruze, N., Sabel, J.A. (2005): <em>Ptychadena mascariensis<\/em> (Mascarene ridged frog): Predation on an endemic Malagasy chameleon. Herpetological Bulletin 93: 26-27. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebhs.org\/publications\/the-herpetological-bulletin\/issue-number-93-autumn-2005\/2984-hb093-08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-216\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 210 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-217\"><span>211<\/span><div>Vences, M., Glaw, F., Zapp, C. (1999): Stomach content analyses in Malagasy frogs of the genera <em>Tomoptera<\/em>, <em>Aglyptodactylus<\/em>, <em>Boophis<\/em>, and <em>Mantidactylus<\/em> (Anura: Ranidae). Herpetozoa 11 (3\/4): 109-116. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zobodat.at\/pdf\/HER_11_3_4_0109-0116.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-217\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 211 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-218\"><span>212<\/span><div>Parcher, S.R. (1974): Observations on the Natural Histories of Six Malagasy Chamaeleontidae. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tierpsychologie 34:500\u2013523. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1974.tb01818.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-218\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 212 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-219\"><span>213<\/span><div>Oda, R. (1996): Predation on a Chameleon by a Ring-Tailed Lemur (<em>Lemur catta<\/em>) in the Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Folia Primatologica 67:40\u201343. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/239783040_Predation_on_a_Chameleon_by_a_Ring-Tailed_Lemur_Lemur_catta_in_the_Berenty_Reserve_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-219\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 213 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-220\"><span>214<\/span><div>Jolly, A., Caless, S., Cavigelli, S., Gould, L., Pereira, M.E., Pitts, A., Pride, R.E., Rabenandrasana, H.D., Walker, J.D., Zafison, T. (2000): Infant killing, wounding and predation in <em>Eulemur <\/em>and <em>Lemur<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 21:21-40. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1005467411880\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-220\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 214 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-221\"><span>215<\/span><div>Simmen, B., Hladik, A., Ramasiarisoa, P. (2003): \u00a0Food intake and dietary overlap in native <em>Lemur catta<\/em> and <em>Propithecus verreauxi<\/em> and introduced <em>Eulemur fulvus<\/em> at Berenty, southern Madagascar. International Journal of Primatology 24: 949\u2013968. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1026366309980\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-221\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 215 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-222\"><span>216<\/span><div>Ichino, S., Rambeloarivony, H. (2011): \u00a0New cases of vertebrate predation by the ring-tailed lemur (<em>Lemur catta<\/em>), with reference to differences from <em>Eulemur<\/em> species and other primates. African Study Monographs 32: 69\u201380. <a href=\"https:\/\/repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp\/bitstreams\/5a08d2b8-db9e-4f29-b907-5bcdbd3a89dd\/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-222\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 216 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-223\"><span>217<\/span><div>Jolly, A., Caless, S., Cavigelli, S., Gould, L., Pereira, M.E., Pitts, A., Pride, R.E., Rabenandrasana, H.D., Walker, J.D., Zafison, T. (2000): Infant killing, wounding and predation in <em>Eulemur <\/em>and <em>Lemur<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 21:21-40. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1005467411880\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-223\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 217 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-224\"><span>218<\/span><div>Dammhahn, M., Kappeler, P.M. (2008): Comparative feeding ecology of sympatric <em>Microcebus berthae<\/em> and <em>M. murinus<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1567\u20131589. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/biodiv\/content\/documents\/c576eec5-b997-43e7-b742-c5205d79f01e\/1921a8d509cb476db33275277a5d5107.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-224\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 218 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-225\"><span>219<\/span><div>Dammhahn, M., Kappeler, P.M. (2008): Comparative feeding ecology of sympatric <em>Microcebus berthae<\/em> and <em>M. murinus<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1567\u20131589. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/biodiv\/content\/documents\/c576eec5-b997-43e7-b742-c5205d79f01e\/1921a8d509cb476db33275277a5d5107.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-225\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 219 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-226\"><span>220<\/span><div> Parcher, S.R. (1974): Observations on the Natural Histories of Six Malagasy Chamaeleontidae. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tierpsychologie 34:500\u2013523. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1974.tb01818.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-226\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 220 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-227\"><span>221<\/span><div>Hladik, C.M., Charles-Dominique, P., Petter, J.J. (1980): Feeding strategies of five nocturnal prosimians in the dry forest of the west coast of Madagascar. In <em>Nocturnal Malagasy Primates. \u00a0Ecology, Physiology, and Behavior <\/em>(Charles-Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Page E, Pariente GF, et al., eds.), pp. 41\u201373. Academic Press, New York (USA). <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-227\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 221 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-228\"><span>222<\/span><div>Pages, E. (1980): Ethoecology of <em>Microcebus coquereli<\/em> during the dry season. In <em>Nocturnal Malagasy Primates.\u00a0 Ecology, Physiology, and Behavior <\/em>(Charles-Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Page E, Pariente GF, et al., eds.), pp. 97\u2013116. Academic Press, New York (USA). <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-228\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 222 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-229\"><span>223<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-229\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 223 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-230\"><span>224<\/span><div>Hawkins, C.E., Racey, P.A. (2008): Food habits of an endangered carnivore, <em>Cryptoprocta ferox<\/em>, in the dry deciduous forests of western Madagascar. Journal of Mammalogy 89(1): 64-74. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000044100000000000000000_9434-230\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 224 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Most of what is known about the predators of Madagascan chameleons comes from anecdotal reports rather than systematic research. We, too, occasionally observe chameleons falling prey to other animals in the wild in Madagascar. In 2009, Jenkins, Rabearivony, and Rakotomanana published the only review on the subject to date We have compiled this article to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the predators of Malagasy chameleons. It is currently believed that, in Madagascar, chameleons are primarily preyed upon by birds and snakes. Birds Birds are the main predators of Malagasy chameleons. Other predators are far less numerous. Countless observations report a wide variety of bird species that occasionally or even regularly prey on chameleons. Diurnal Birds of Prey Among birds, two birds of prey are particularly noteworthy: the Madagascar Serpent Eagle (Eutriorchis astur) and the Banded Kestrel. Chameleons appear to make up a very large proportion of the diet of both of these species. Both hunt primarily in tree canopies, which makes chameleons\u2014as tree-dwelling creatures\u2014ideal prey. During the rainy-season breeding season, researchers observed that nearly 50% of the Serpent Eagle\u2019s prey consisted of chameleons.. Madgascar Serpent Eagle They usually perch on a high branch and survey their surroundings from&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9465,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[42,2545],"tags":[1914,1955,1924,1925,1929,1926,1934,1899,1898,1900,1907,1911,1912,334,1918,1958,1944,1941,1960,1913,637,1967,1968,1943,1908,1927,1928,1933,1905,1939,1922,1906,1975,1972,1974,1771,1923,1959,1963,1954,1965,1915,1961,1932,1919,1949,1948,1969,1664,1964,1970,1937,1950,1910,1938,1942,1917,1946,1930,1976,1971,1947,1956,1935,1953,1951,1920,1901,1966,1945,1977,1903,1902,1904,1940,1952,1973,1909,1957,1916,1837,1921,1936,1962,1931],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9434"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9434"}],"version-history":[{"count":222,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9434\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16151,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9434\/revisions\/16151"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9465"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9434"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9434"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9434"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}