{"id":9434,"date":"2020-05-10T20:51:47","date_gmt":"2020-05-10T18:51:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/?p=9434"},"modified":"2026-07-14T13:21:42","modified_gmt":"2026-07-14T11:21:42","slug":"fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/fr\/fressfeinde-von-chamaeleons-auf-madagaskar\/","title":{"rendered":"Pr\u00e9dateurs de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"dropcap\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les connaissances sur les pr\u00e9dateurs des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons malgaches proviennent principalement de rapports anecdotiques et jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent de recherches moins syst\u00e9matiques. Nous observons aussi de temps en temps comment les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons deviennent les victimes d&rsquo;autres animaux dans la nature sauvage de Madagascar. Jenkins, Rabearivony et Rakotomanana ont publi\u00e9 le seul <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madagasikara-voakajy.org\/17-predation-on-chameleons-in-madagascar-a-review\/file\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aper\u00e7u sur ce sujet<\/a> jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent en 2009. Nous avons r\u00e9dig\u00e9 cet article afin de pr\u00e9senter les connaissances actuelles sur les pr\u00e9dateurs des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons malgaches. On peut actuellement supposer qu&rsquo;\u00e0 Madagascar, ce sont principalement les oiseaux et les serpents qui se nourrissent de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons.<\/p>\n<h3>Oiseaux<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Parmi les oiseaux, deux oiseaux de proie sont particuli\u00e8rement remarquables: Le Firasab\u00e9 de Madagascar (<em>Eutriorchis astur<\/em>) et le <span class=\"st\">Faucon \u00e0 ventre ray\u00e9<\/span>. Les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons semblent constituer une part tr\u00e8s importante du r\u00e9gime alimentaire de ces deux esp\u00e8ces. Tous deux chassent principalement \u00e0 la cime des arbres, ce qui pr\u00e9destine les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons vivant dans les arbres comme nourriture. Chez le Firasab\u00e9 de Madagascar, on a observ\u00e9 pendant une saison de reproduction en saison des pluies que pr\u00e8s de 50 % des proies \u00e9taient des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons <sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-95\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"93\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000043170000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-95\">93<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"93\">Thorstrom Russel, Ren\u00e9 de Roland Lily-Arison (200): First nest description, breeding behaviour and distribution of the Madagascar Serpent-Eagle Eutriorchis astur. Ibis 142: 217-224. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Russell-Thorstrom\/publication\/227780668_First_nest_description_breeding_behaviour_and_distribution_of_the_Madagascar_Serpent-Eagle_Eutriorchis_astur\/links\/5aba5685a6fdcc0e3d9ed722\/First-nest-description-breeding-behaviour-and-distribution-of-the-Madagascar-Serpent-Eagle-Eutriorchis-astur.pdf?origin=publicationSearch&amp;_rtd=e30%3D&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6ImhvbWUiLCJwYWdlIjoic2VhcmNoIiwicG9zaXRpb24iOiJwYWdlSGVhZGVyIn19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>. Les Firasab\u00e9s s&rsquo;assoient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sur une branche sur\u00e9lev\u00e9e et observent les environs de l\u00e0. S&rsquo;ils d\u00e9couvrent une proie valable, ils volent vers elle et l&rsquo;attrapent avec leurs fortes griffes. Les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement d\u00e9j\u00e0 perc\u00e9s et tu\u00e9s. Avec la proie, les oiseaux retournent \u00e0 leur point d&rsquo;observation pour la manger morceau par morceau. Ce sont principalement des reptiles d\u00e9capit\u00e9s qui sont amen\u00e9s dans le nid.\u00a0La Buse de Madagascar (<em>Buteo brachypterus<\/em>)<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-96\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"94\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000043170000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-96\">94<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"94\">Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> a \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9e \u00e0 Masoala et environ 11 % de ses proies \u00e9taient des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dans certaines r\u00e9gions de Madagascar, le faucon \u00e0 ventre ray\u00e9 (<em>Falco zoniventris<\/em>) \u00e9tait autrefois consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un chasseur exclusif de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons. Dans la for\u00eat tropicale de Masoala, les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons constituent jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 50 % de l&rsquo;alimentation du faucon \u00e0 ventre ray\u00e9.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-97\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"95\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000043170000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-97\">95<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"95\">Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L.-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Razafimanajato,R. H.R., Obenarimangason, H.R., Thorstrom, R. (2005): Breeding biology and diet of the banded kestrel Falco zoniventris on Masoala peninsula. Ostrich 76: 32-36. <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.peregrinefund.org\/docs\/pdf\/research-library\/2005\/2005-Rene-de-Roland-banded-kestrel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> Cependant, des observations r\u00e9alis\u00e9es dans d&rsquo;autres r\u00e9gions de Madagascar sugg\u00e8rent que les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons ne repr\u00e9sentent qu&rsquo;une partie d&rsquo;une tr\u00e8s large gamme de proies potentielles pour le faucon \u00e0 bandeaux.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-98\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"96\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000043170000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-98\">96<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"96\">Thorstrom, R. (1999): A description of the nests, diet and behaviour of the banded kestrel. Ostrich 70: 149-151. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233084632_A_description_of_nests_diet_and_behaviour_of_the_Banded_Kestrel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> Il semble que cet oiseau de proie puisse se nourrir davantage d&rsquo;insectes, de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons, de geckos ou de petits oiseaux, selon leur disponibilit\u00e9. Aujourd&rsquo;hui, on ne consid\u00e8re plus le faucon \u00e0 bandeau comme un pur mangeur de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La buse de Madagascar (<em>Buteo brachypterus<\/em>)<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-99\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"97\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000043170000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-99\">97<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"97\">Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> a \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9e \u00e0 Masoala et environ 11 % de ses proies \u00e9taient des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons. Une \u00e9tude observationnelle men\u00e9e sur les vanga \u00e9corcheur (<em>Vanga curvirostris<\/em>) \u00e0 Ankarafantsika, dans le nord-ouest de Madagascar, a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons repr\u00e9sentaient un peu plus de 10 % des proies<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-100\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"98\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000043170000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-100\">98<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"98\">Rakotomanana, H., Akamura, M.N., Yamagishi, S. (2001): Breeding ecology of the endemic hook-billed vanga, <em>Vanga curvirostris<\/em>, in Madagascar. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 33: 25-35. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/content\/documents\/ffae6799-245a-4c17-83f5-8de2f7dfe85e\/a7485c0e593947daa1949a8a38d094c8.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjN_MWai96SAxUKgP0HHZznCuMQFnoECCMQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw06gpoWWZ95kWpOzzQ8HlVs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>.\u00a0Les parents nourrissaient leurs oisillons dans le nid avec des <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, des <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em> et des <em>Brookesia decaryi<\/em>, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire toutes les esp\u00e8ces les plus courantes de la for\u00eat s\u00e8che locale. De plus, les vangas \u00e9corcheur nourrissaient leurs oisillons avec de nombreux morceaux de viande d\u00e9j\u00e0 broy\u00e9s, dont les auteurs supposent qu&rsquo;une grande partie pouvait provenir de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le busard de Madagascar (<em>Circus macrosceles<\/em>) ne se nourrit que tr\u00e8s rarement de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons \u00e0 Ambohitantely, dans les hauts plateaux du nord.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-101\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"99\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000043170000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-101\">99<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"99\">Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Randriamanga, I, Thorstrom, R. (2004): Nesting biology and diet of the Madagascar harrier (<em>Circus macrosceles<\/em>) in Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 38: 256-262. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2653&amp;context=jrr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> Le Gymnog\u00e8ne de Madagascar (<em>Polyboroides radiatus<\/em>) semble chasser les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons tout aussi rarement \u00e0 Berenty, \u00e0 l&rsquo;extr\u00eame sud-est de l&rsquo;\u00eele. Dans une \u00e9tude, les <em>Furcifer major<\/em> ne repr\u00e9sentaient que 0,1 % des proies apport\u00e9es au nid par le partenaire nicheur.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-102\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"100\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000043170000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-102\">100<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"100\">Karpanty, S.M., Goodman, S.M. (1999) : Diet of the Madagascar harrier-hawk <em>Polyboroides radiatus<\/em> in south-eastern Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 33 : 313-316. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&amp;context=jrr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">On soup\u00e7onne fortement que les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons font partie des proies potentielles de L&rsquo;\u00c9pervier de Frances (<em>Tachyspiza francesii<\/em>). Des \u00e9tudes ont montr\u00e9 jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent que jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 42 % de ses proies sont des reptiles. Il n&rsquo;a toutefois pas encore \u00e9t\u00e9 possible de d\u00e9terminer avec certitude si les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons en font r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement partie.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-16' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-francesiae-in-Kirindy-e1589393456605-733x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-francesiae-in-Kirindy-e1589393456605-733x1024.jpg 733w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-francesiae-in-Kirindy-e1589393456605-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-francesiae-in-Kirindy-e1589393456605-768x1072.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-francesiae-in-Kirindy-e1589393456605-552x771.jpg 552w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-francesiae-in-Kirindy-e1589393456605-420x586.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-francesiae-in-Kirindy-e1589393456605-81x113.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-francesiae-in-Kirindy-e1589393456605.jpg 967w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"670\" height=\"947\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Falco-e1589393568774.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Falco-e1589393568774.jpg 670w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Falco-e1589393568774-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Falco-e1589393568774-545x771.jpg 545w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Falco-e1589393568774-420x594.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Falco-e1589393568774-81x114.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"702\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-dingsda.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-dingsda.jpg 702w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-dingsda-211x300.jpg 211w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-dingsda-541x771.jpg 541w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-dingsda-420x598.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Accipiter-dingsda-81x115.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 702px) 100vw, 702px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les oiseaux nocturnes semblent rarement attraper un cam\u00e9l\u00e9on &#8211; probablement parce que les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons dorment la nuit et sont plus difficiles \u00e0 rep\u00e9rer immobiles que les proies. \u00c0 ce jour, les restes de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons n&rsquo;ont \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9s qu&rsquo;une seule fois dans les r\u00e9gurgitations de la chouette effraie (<em>Tyto alba<\/em>) &#8211; et ce, bien qu&rsquo;elle soit parfois pr\u00e9sente dans des r\u00e9gions tr\u00e8s riches en cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons comme Andasibe. Il s&rsquo;agissait probablement d&rsquo;un jeune <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em> ou d&rsquo;un <em>Furcifer major<\/em> dans cette d\u00e9couverte unique, captur\u00e9 pendant la saison des pluies \u00e0 Beza-Mahafaly, dans le sud-ouest de Madagascar.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-103\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"101\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000043170000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-103\">101<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"101\">Goodman, S.M., Langrand, O.L. (1993): Food habits of the barn owl <em>Tyto alba<\/em> at three sites on Madagascar. Ostrich 64(4): 160-171. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/253784\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/de\/category\/chamaeleons-habitatsdaten\/brookesia-arten\/\">cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons terrestres<\/a> sont moins susceptibles de devenir la proie des oiseaux. Mais m\u00eame ces petits cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons discrets ont \u00e9t\u00e9 attaqu\u00e9s et mang\u00e9s par des oiseaux qui fouillent le sol dans le feuillage. Le rollier \u00e0 pattes courtes (<em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em>) a \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9 dans la for\u00eat tropicale de Masoala, o\u00f9 il se nourrissait \u00e0 environ 7 % de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons terrestres du genre <em>Brookesia<\/em><sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-104\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"102\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000043170000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-104\">102<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"102\">Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>. Les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons de taille moyenne et leurs petits repr\u00e9sentaient moins de 1 % de son alimentation. Le Brachypt\u00e9rolle \u00e9caill\u00e9 (<em>Geobiastes squamiger<\/em>) a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9 \u00e0 Masoala en train de se nourrir de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons terrestres.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-105\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"103\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000043170000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-105\">103<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"103\">Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> Les deux esp\u00e8ces des Brachypt\u00e9rolles se d\u00e9placent principalement au sol et sont attentives au moindre mouvement dans la couche de feuilles mortes. Lorsqu&rsquo;ils rep\u00e8rent une proie potentielle, ils se pr\u00e9cipitent vers l&rsquo;endroit et retournent les feuilles avec leur bec jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 ce qu&rsquo;ils la trouvent.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Plusieurs observations de vangas \u00e0 casque (<em>Euryceros prevostii<\/em>) dans la m\u00eame for\u00eat tropicale indiquent que des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons terrestres, probablement des <em>Brookesia griveaudi<\/em>, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9s en p\u00e2ture \u00e0 des jeunes ou mang\u00e9s par des oiseaux adultes. <sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-106\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"104\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000043170000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-106\">104<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"104\">Lamarca, G., Thorstrom, R. (1999): Breeding biology, diet and vocalization of the helmet vanga, <em>Euryceros prevostii<\/em>, on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Ostrich 71: 400-403. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/241723552_Breeding_biology_diet_and_vocalization_of_the_Helmet_Vanga_Euryceros_prevostii_on_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span><sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-107\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"105\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000043170000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-107\">105<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"105\">Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span> Au total, les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons ne repr\u00e9sentaient toutefois qu&rsquo;un peu plus de 1 % de l&rsquo;alimentation des vanga \u00e0 casque observ\u00e9s, les insectes constituant la principale source de nourriture.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Serpents<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les mangeurs de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons les plus courants sont <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em>, <em>Ithycyphus perineti<\/em> ou<em> Ithycyphus oursi<\/em> et <em>Madagascarophis colubrinus<\/em>. Les quatre esp\u00e8ces trouvent des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons directement dans les arbres et sur le sol. Les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons font \u00e9galement partie du r\u00e9gime alimentaire de divers serpents du genre <em>Phisalixella<\/em> (anciennement <em>Stenophis<\/em>) et <em>Parastenophis<\/em> (<em>Ph. variabilis, Pa. betsileanus<\/em>). Ainsi, un <em>Parastenophis betsileanus<\/em> a \u00e9t\u00e9 conserv\u00e9 \u00e0 Andasibe \u00e0 des fins scientifiques, qui avait un <em>Furcifer willsii<\/em> dans l&rsquo;estomac.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-108\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"106\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000043170000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-108\">106<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"106\">Raxworthy, C.J. (1988): Reptiles, rainforest and conservation in Madagascar. Biological Conservation 43: 181-211. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/22695171\/Reptiles_rainforest_and_conservation_in_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a><\/span>. Mais il a d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 prouv\u00e9 que la couleuvre \u00e0 nez feuille (<em>Langaha madagascariensis<\/em>) a aussi mang\u00e9 <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7422\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7422\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7422\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Furcifer-oustaleti-wird-von-Schlange-gefressen-Doppelbild-300x213.jpg\" alt=\"Furcifer oustaleti wird von Schlange gefressen\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Furcifer-oustaleti-wird-von-Schlange-gefressen-Doppelbild-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Furcifer-oustaleti-wird-von-Schlange-gefressen-Doppelbild-768x545.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Furcifer-oustaleti-wird-von-Schlange-gefressen-Doppelbild-1024x726.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Furcifer-oustaleti-wird-von-Schlange-gefressen-Doppelbild-1087x771.jpg 1087w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Furcifer-oustaleti-wird-von-Schlange-gefressen-Doppelbild-420x298.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Furcifer-oustaleti-wird-von-Schlange-gefressen-Doppelbild-81x57.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Furcifer-oustaleti-wird-von-Schlange-gefressen-Doppelbild.jpg 1404w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7422\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ce <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> vient malheureusement d&rsquo;\u00eatre victime d&rsquo;un serpent<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tous les serpents mentionn\u00e9s tuent leurs victimes par une morsure, tandis que la s\u00e9cr\u00e9tion des glandes dites de Duvernoy s&rsquo;\u00e9coule dans la blessure. Les glandes de Duvernoy sont une sorte de \u00ab\u00a0pr\u00e9curseur primitif\u00a0\u00bb de v\u00e9ritables glandes \u00e0 venin. Le poison produit dans ces glandes n&rsquo;est pas particuli\u00e8rement puissant. Chez les <em>Mimophis,<\/em> les Phisalixelles et les parast\u00e9nophes, elle est lib\u00e9r\u00e9e par des crochets situ\u00e9s loin en arri\u00e8re dans la m\u00e2choire, approximativement sous les yeux. Pour les grands mammif\u00e8res comme l&rsquo;homme, le venin de la <em>Mimophis<\/em> est plut\u00f4t inoffensif et peut \u00eatre compar\u00e9 \u00e0 une piq\u00fbre de gu\u00eape. Les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons, cependant, peuvent devenir paralys\u00e9s par l&rsquo;effet de la s\u00e9cr\u00e9tion et m\u00eame tu\u00e9s. Pour autant que cela ait \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tudi\u00e9 jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, le poison est une h\u00e9motoxine, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire qu&rsquo;il d\u00e9truit les cellules sanguines. Madagascar abrite \u00e9galement plusieurs serpents \u00e9touffeurs, mais ils semblent moins se soucier des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons que des autres proies.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-17' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-4 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Langaha-madagascariensis-2018-683x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Langaha-madagascariensis-2018-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Langaha-madagascariensis-2018-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Langaha-madagascariensis-2018-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Langaha-madagascariensis-2018-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Langaha-madagascariensis-2018-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Langaha-madagascariensis-2018-81x122.jpg 81w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Langaha-madagascariensis-2018.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"667\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Madagascarophis-colubrinus-in-Isalo.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Madagascarophis-colubrinus-in-Isalo.jpg 667w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Madagascarophis-colubrinus-in-Isalo-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Madagascarophis-colubrinus-in-Isalo-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Madagascarophis-colubrinus-in-Isalo-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Madagascarophis-colubrinus-in-Isalo-81x121.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"667\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mimophis-mahfalensis.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mimophis-mahfalensis.jpg 667w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mimophis-mahfalensis-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mimophis-mahfalensis-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mimophis-mahfalensis-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mimophis-mahfalensis-81x121.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"667\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-17-9458\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti.jpg 667w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti-514x771.jpg 514w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti-420x630.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ithycyphus-perineti-81x121.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-17-9458'>\n\t\t\t\tIthycyphus perineti an der Ostk\u00fcste Madagaskars\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nous avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 observ\u00e9 \u00e0 plusieurs reprises comment des serpents tuaient par morsure ou \u00e9tranglaient des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons, mais ne pouvaient pas les avaler \u00e0 cause de leur taille. Il semble que de temps en temps, les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons deviennent victimes de serpents qui surestiment simplement leur proie. Mais les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons morts ne restent pas longtemps sur place &#8211; ils sont r\u00e9duits en petits morceaux et d\u00e9cim\u00e9s assez rapidement par les insectes, les oiseaux ou d&rsquo;autres reptiles. Au fait, la photo en haut \u00e0 droite montre exactement une telle situation: Une <em>Phisalixella variabilis<\/em> a enlac\u00e9 un <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/de\/furcifer-oustaleti\/\"><em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em><\/a> et l&rsquo;a tu\u00e9 d&rsquo;une morsure pr\u00e8s de sa t\u00eate. Apr\u00e8s la mort du cam\u00e9l\u00e9on, le serpent a essay\u00e9 de le d\u00e9vorer. Au bout d&rsquo;une bonne demi-heure, il s&rsquo;est arr\u00eat\u00e9, car le cam\u00e9l\u00e9on ne tenait tout simplement pas entre les m\u00e2choires. Le lendemain, il ne restait plus du corps de<a href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/de\/furcifer-oustaleti\/\"><em> Furcifer oustaleti<\/em><\/a> que des os et un peu de peau &#8211; la \u00ab\u00a0police du sol\u00a0\u00bb de la for\u00eat s\u00e8che avait fait du bon travail.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-18' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-2-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Leioheterodon-madagascariensis-1-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Certains serpents se contentent de manger ce qu&rsquo;ils peuvent trouver &#8211; de pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence des \u0153ufs enterr\u00e9s dans le sol, et de temps en temps un cam\u00e9l\u00e9on vivant. Parmi ces serpents figurent le <em>Leioheterodon madagascariensis<\/em> et le <em>Pseudoxyrophus ambreensis<\/em>. Ils s&rsquo;enfouissent la t\u00eate la premi\u00e8re dans le sable ou dans le sol pour trouver de nouvelles prises. Sur la photo, une <em>Leioheterodon<\/em> a apparemment trouv\u00e9 des oeufs cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons dans la for\u00eat s\u00e8che d&rsquo;Ankarafantsika. Les \u0153ufs sont fendus dans la bouche avec les dents afin que le jaune puissent \u00eatre dig\u00e9r\u00e9s. Les \u0153ufs de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons dans le sol sont tr\u00e8s sensibles aux pr\u00e9dateurs. Il n&rsquo;est m\u00eame pas n\u00e9cessaire que ce soit des serpents. M\u00eame certaines esp\u00e8ces de fourmis peuvent d\u00e9truire les \u0153ufs de cam\u00e9l\u00e9on.<\/p>\n<h3>Grenouilles<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Il est int\u00e9ressant de noter que m\u00eame les grenouilles mangent rarement des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons pendant la saison des pluies. Les ann\u00e9es particuli\u00e8rement pluvieuses, les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/de\/der-schlupf\/\">petits<\/a> peuvent se retrouver dans l&rsquo;estomac de la grenouille des pr\u00e9s (<em>Ptychadena madagascariensis<\/em>) ou de <em>Mantidactylus femoralis<\/em>. Il est probable que d&rsquo;autres grenouilles cherchent \u00e9galement \u00e0 attraper des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons lorsqu&rsquo;elles en ont l&rsquo;occasion &#8211; mais cela n&rsquo;a \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9 que tr\u00e8s rarement jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent. De tr\u00e8s petits cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons sont aussi parfois captur\u00e9s par des mantes religieuses et de grandes araign\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<h3>L\u00e9muriens, fossas et petits mammif\u00e8res<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les l\u00e9muriens mangent aussi rarement des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons &#8211; probablement seulement quand une tr\u00e8s bonne occasion se pr\u00e9sente. On a observ\u00e9 que les Lemurs Cattas, les <span class=\"st\">Microc\u00e8bes <\/span>et les Chirogales se nourrissent de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons. En fait, ces l\u00e9muriens pr\u00e9f\u00e8rent les fruits, les fleurs et les feuilles. Les Microc\u00e8bes et Chirogales compl\u00e8tent leur alimentation par des insectes. Pendant la saison s\u00e8che, cependant, l&rsquo;approvisionnement en verdure et en insectes frais est plut\u00f4t limit\u00e9 dans les r\u00e9gions du sud de Madagascar. Un cam\u00e9l\u00e9on est alors le bon \u00ab\u00a0bouche-trou\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-19' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katta.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katta.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katta-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katta-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katta-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katta-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mausmaki-in-Mahajanga.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mausmaki-in-Mahajanga.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mausmaki-in-Mahajanga-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mausmaki-in-Mahajanga-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mausmaki-in-Mahajanga-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Mausmaki-in-Mahajanga-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fettschwanzmaki-in-Kirindy-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Il est frappant de constater que les l\u00e9muriens ont souvent laiss\u00e9 une grande partie de leurs proies inhabituelles inutilis\u00e9es lors des observations. Cela sugg\u00e8re que les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons ne sont ni un repas principal ni une proie particuli\u00e8rement commune pour les l\u00e9muriens. Peut-\u00eatre que les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons n&rsquo;attirent tout simplement pas les l\u00e9muriens. Cependant, il est \u00e9galement possible que les l\u00e9muriens tuent les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons davantage par curiosit\u00e9 et par \u00ab\u00a0essais et erreurs\u00a0\u00bb que par faim.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-20' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Tenrek-in-Ankarafantsika.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Tenrek-in-Ankarafantsika.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Tenrek-in-Ankarafantsika-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Tenrek-in-Ankarafantsika-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Tenrek-in-Ankarafantsika-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Tenrek-in-Ankarafantsika-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"936\" height=\"622\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fossa.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fossa.jpg 936w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fossa-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fossa-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fossa-420x279.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Fossa-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ringelschwanzmanguste.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ringelschwanzmanguste.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ringelschwanzmanguste-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ringelschwanzmanguste-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ringelschwanzmanguste-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Ringelschwanzmanguste-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le Fossa, \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s \u00e0 hauteur de genou, est un autre mammif\u00e8re malgache qui se sert occasionnellement de la population de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons et le plus grand pr\u00e9dateur de l&rsquo;\u00eele. Les Fossas sont catham\u00e9raux, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire actifs de jour et\/ou de nuit, selon les besoins. Ils peuvent facilement grimper aux arbres et y trouver des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons. Les chasseurs opportunistes tels que la mangouste \u00e0 queue annel\u00e9e (<em>Galidia elegans<\/em>), la mangouste de Grandidier (<em>Galidictis grandidieri<\/em>), le Fanaloka (<em>Fossa fossana<\/em>) ou diverses esp\u00e8ces de tenreks ne repoussent pas non plus un cam\u00e9l\u00e9on de temps en temps. Les tenreks broutent principalement dans le feuillage, leurs victimes sont donc principalement des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/de\/category\/chamaeleons-habitatsdaten\/brookesia-arten\/\">cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons de terre<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Esp\u00e8ces invasives : chats et rats migrateurs<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les chats domestiques et les rats de Norv\u00e8ge introduits constituent \u00e9galement une menace croissante pour les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons de Madagascar. Les rats migrateurs ne se contentent pas de supplanter les rats indig\u00e8nes, end\u00e9miques de Madagascar. Ils se nourrissent \u00e9galement de mani\u00e8re opportuniste de tout ce qu&rsquo;ils peuvent ma\u00eetriser et manger. En ce qui concerne les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons, les rats migrateurs se servent surtout d&rsquo;\u0153ufs qu&rsquo;ils d\u00e9terrent, mangent et d\u00e9truisent ainsi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les chats sont souvent aussi nourris par les Malgaches les plus pauvres, mais ne sont pas st\u00e9rilis\u00e9s, c&rsquo;est pourquoi ils se reproduisent sans contr\u00f4le sur l&rsquo;\u00eele. Plusieurs Malgaches nous ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 dit que les chats se \u00ab\u00a0sp\u00e9cialisent\u00a0\u00bb parfois m\u00eame dans le creusement des femelles cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons et fouillent sp\u00e9cifiquement le sol \u00e0 la recherche de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons en ponte afin de les tuer. Nous avons nous-m\u00eames vu \u00e0 plusieurs reprises des chats chasser et tuer avec succ\u00e8s des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons panth\u00e8res et d&rsquo;autres esp\u00e8ces plus courantes. Les chats ne se servent donc pas seulement des rats et des souris \u00ab ind\u00e9sirables \u00bb dans les maisons. Ils tuent avec succ\u00e8s des amphibiens, des reptiles et des oiseaux.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-21' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katzen-in-Andasibe.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katzen-in-Andasibe.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katzen-in-Andasibe-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katzen-in-Andasibe-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katzen-in-Andasibe-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katzen-in-Andasibe-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"679\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Ambilobe.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Ambilobe.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Ambilobe-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Ambilobe-768x521.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Ambilobe-420x285.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Ambilobe-81x55.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Sambava-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Sambava-1.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Sambava-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Sambava-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Sambava-1-420x280.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Fressfeinde-Katze-in-Sambava-1-81x54.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les chats sont donc malheureusement un facteur de probl\u00e8me croissant pour la diversit\u00e9 des esp\u00e8ces indig\u00e8nes \u00e0 Madagascar. Les photos suivantes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 prises \u00e0 Andasibe, Ambilobe et Sambava. Nous en aurions des centaines d&rsquo;autres. M\u00eame dans les r\u00e9gions les plus recul\u00e9es de Madagascar, les chats domestiques errants sont devenus indig\u00e8nes. Les rats utilisent principalement les \u0153ufs, qu&rsquo;ils d\u00e9terrent, mangent et d\u00e9truisent.<\/p>\n<h3>Les humains<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Au fait, bien que les humains ne soient pas des pr\u00e9dateurs, ils constituent le plus grand probl\u00e8me pour les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons de Madagascar. De nombreux cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons perdent leur habitat \u00e0 cause de l&rsquo;agriculture sur br\u00fblis et de l&rsquo;exploitation foresti\u00e8re par l&rsquo;homme. Toutes les esp\u00e8ces ne sont pas capables de survivre sans probl\u00e8me dans la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation secondaire. De nombreuses esp\u00e8ces de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons malgaches d\u00e9pendent d&rsquo;habitats particuliers tels que la for\u00eat tropicale humide intacte \u00e0 une certaine altitude ou la for\u00eat d&rsquo;\u00e9pines intacte.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">L&rsquo;homme d\u00e9truit ces habitats de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons \u00e0 Madagascar depuis de nombreuses d\u00e9cennies. M\u00eame les zones prot\u00e9g\u00e9es d\u00e9sign\u00e9es sont menac\u00e9es de destruction en raison de la pauvret\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e et presque inarr\u00eatable qui s\u00e9vit \u00e0 Madagascar. Et les humains tuent aussi en se d\u00e9pla\u00e7ant: des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons sont r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement \u00e9cras\u00e9s sur les routes de Madagascar. M\u00eame s&rsquo;il ne s&rsquo;agit g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces rares, les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons touch\u00e9s sont morts inutilement.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-22' class='gallery galleryid-9434 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Mahajanga.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Mahajanga.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Mahajanga-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Mahajanga-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Mahajanga-420x315.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Mahajanga-81x61.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"892\" height=\"661\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-hinter-Vohimana-e1589394227623.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-hinter-Vohimana-e1589394227623.jpg 892w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-hinter-Vohimana-e1589394227623-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-hinter-Vohimana-e1589394227623-768x569.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-hinter-Vohimana-e1589394227623-420x311.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-hinter-Vohimana-e1589394227623-81x60.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 892px) 100vw, 892px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" src=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Ankarafantsika.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Ankarafantsika.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Ankarafantsika-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Ankarafantsika-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Ankarafantsika-420x315.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Road-kill-in-Ankarafantsika-81x61.jpg 81w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<h5 class=\"modern-footnotes-list-heading \">Literatur zu diesem Thema<\/h5><ul class=\"modern-footnotes-list \"><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-1\"><span>1<\/span><div>Jenkins Richard K.B., Rabearivony Jeanneney, Rakotomanana Hajanirina (2009): Predation on chameleons in Madagascar: a review. African Journal of Herpetology 58(2): 131-136. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madagasikara-voakajy.org\/17-predation-on-chameleons-in-madagascar-a-review\/file\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-1\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 1 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-2\"><span>2<\/span><div>Thorstrom Russel, Ren\u00e9 de Roland Lily-Arison (2000): First nest description, breeding behaviour and distribution of the Madagascar Serpent-Eagle <em>Eutriorchis astur<\/em>. Ibis 142: 217-224. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Russell-Thorstrom\/publication\/227780668_First_nest_description_breeding_behaviour_and_distribution_of_the_Madagascar_Serpent-Eagle_Eutriorchis_astur\/links\/5aba5685a6fdcc0e3d9ed722\/First-nest-description-breeding-behaviour-and-distribution-of-the-Madagascar-Serpent-Eagle-Eutriorchis-astur.pdf?origin=publicationSearch&amp;_rtd=e30%3D&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6ImhvbWUiLCJwYWdlIjoic2VhcmNoIiwicG9zaXRpb24iOiJwYWdlSGVhZGVyIn19\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-2\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 2 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-3\"><span>3<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L.-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Razafimanajato,R. H.R., Obenarimangason, H.R., Thorstrom, R. (2005): Breeding biology and diet of the banded kestrel <em>Falco zoniventris<\/em> on Masoala peninsula. Ostrich 76: 32-36. <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.peregrinefund.org\/docs\/pdf\/research-library\/2005\/2005-Rene-de-Roland-banded-kestrel.pdf\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-3\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 3 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-4\"><span>4<\/span><div>Moger, C. (2004): Birdwatching trip report. Available on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.birdtours.co.uk\/tripreports\/madagascar\/mad7\/mad-oct-04.htm\">http:\/\/www.birdtours.co.uk\/tripreports\/madagascar\/mad7\/mad-oct-04.htm<\/a>  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-4\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 4 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-5\"><span>5<\/span><div>Colebrook-Robjent, J.F.R. (1973): The breeding oft he Madagascar banded kestrel. Bulletin of the British Ornithology club 93: 108-111.  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-5\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 5 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-6\"><span>6<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-6\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 6 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-7\"><span>7<\/span><div>Thorstrom, R. (1999): A description of the nests, diet and behaviour of the banded kestrel. Ostrich 70: 149-151. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233084632_A_description_of_nests_diet_and_behaviour_of_the_Banded_Kestrel\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-7\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 7 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-8\"><span>8<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-8\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 8 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-9\"><span>9<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. Download <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-9\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 9 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-10\"><span>10<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. Download <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-10\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 10 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-11\"><span>11<\/span><div>Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-11\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 11 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-12\"><span>12<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. Download <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-12\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 12 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-13\"><span>13<\/span><div> Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-13\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 13 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-14\"><span>14<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Randriamanga, I, Thorstrom, R. (2004): Nesting biology and diet of the Madagascar harrier (<em>Circus macrosceles<\/em>) in Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 38: 256-262. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2653&amp;context=jrr\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-14\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 14 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-15\"><span>15<\/span><div>Karpanty, S.M., Goodman, S.M. (1999): Diet of the Madagascar harrier-hawk <em>Polyboroides radiatus<\/em> in south-eastern Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 33: 313-316. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&amp;context=jrr\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-15\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 15 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-16\"><span>16<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Langrand, O.L. (1993): Food habits of the barn owl <em>Tyto alba<\/em> at three sites on Madagascar. Ostrich 64(4): 160-171. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/253784\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-16\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 16 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-17\"><span>17<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-17\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 17 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-18\"><span>18<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-18\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 18 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-19\"><span>19<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-19\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 19 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-20\"><span>20<\/span><div>Rakotomanana, H., Akamura, M.N., Yamagishi, S. (2001): Breeding ecology of the endemic hook-billed vanga, <em>Vanga curvirostris<\/em>, in Madagascar. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 33: 25-35. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/content\/documents\/ffae6799-245a-4c17-83f5-8de2f7dfe85e\/a7485c0e593947daa1949a8a38d094c8.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjN_MWai96SAxUKgP0HHZznCuMQFnoECCMQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw06gpoWWZ95kWpOzzQ8HlVs\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-20\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 20 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-21\"><span>21<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-21\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 21 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-22\"><span>22<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-22\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 22 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-23\"><span>23<\/span><div>Lamarca, G., Thorstrom, R. (1999): Breeding biology, diet and vocalization of the helmet vanga, <em>Euryceros prevostii<\/em>, on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Ostrich 71: 400-403. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/241723552_Breeding_biology_diet_and_vocalization_of_the_Helmet_Vanga_Euryceros_prevostii_on_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-23\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 23 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-24\"><span>24<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-24\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 24 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-25\"><span>25<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-25\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 25 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-26\"><span>26<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-26\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 26 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-27\"><span>27<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-27\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 27 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-28\"><span>28<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-28\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 28 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-29\"><span>29<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-29\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 29 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-30\"><span>30<\/span><div> Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-30\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 30 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-31\"><span>31<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-31\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 31 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-32\"><span>32<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-32\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 32 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-33\"><span>33<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-72-143-499\/page\/378\/mode\/2up?q=falco+zoniventris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-33\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 33 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-34\"><span>34<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Pidgeon, M., Hawkins, A.F.A., Schulenberg, T.S. (1997): The birds of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana Zoology 87: 1-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-34\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 34 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-35\"><span>35<\/span><div>Jenkins, R.K.B. (2001): Observations on the white-thorated rail <em>Dryolimnas cuvieri<\/em> in Madagascar. Scopus 21: 65-67. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/164285#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-35\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 35 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-36\"><span>36<\/span><div>Crottini, A., Harris, D.J., Irisarri, I.A., Lima, A., Rasamison, S., Rosa, G.M. (2010): Confirming Domergue: <em>Ithycyphus oursi<\/em> Domergue, 1986 predation upon <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> (Mocquard, 1894). Herpetology Notes 3: 127-131. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/161129\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-36\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 36 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-37\"><span>37<\/span><div>Domergue, C.A. (1986): Notes sur les serpents de la r\u00e9gion malgache VI. Le genre <em>Ithycyphus<\/em> G\u00fcnther 1973; description de deux esp\u00e8ces Nouvelles. Bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle Paris Ser. 4, Sec. A. 8: 409- 434. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/246218\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-37\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 37 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-38\"><span>38<\/span><div> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-38\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 38 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-39\"><span>38<\/span><div>Ava-Leigh. (2017): <em>Ithycyphus miniatus<\/em> feeding on a chameleon. Available on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.istockphoto.com\/de\/foto\/kleine-nacht-schlange-essen-ein-cham%C3%A4leon-nosy-komba-madagaskar-gm885409058-246015731%5b\/mfn\">https:\/\/www.istockphoto.com\/de\/foto\/kleine-nacht-schlange-essen-ein-cham%C3%A4leon-nosy-komba-madagaskar-gm885409058-246015731[\/mfn<\/a>] Aber auch Beobachtungen aus der Terraristik in Deutschland legen nahe, dass Cham\u00e4leons von dieser Schlange gerne verzehrt werden.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-38\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"38\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000043170000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-38\">38<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"38\"><\/span>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (2007): Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3<sup>rd<\/sup> edition. Vences &amp; Glaw Verlag, Cologne, Germany. 498 pp.  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-39\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 38 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-40\"><span>39<\/span><div>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (2007): Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3<sup>rd<\/sup> edition. Vences &amp; Glaw Verlag, Cologne, Germany. 498 pp.  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-40\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 39 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-41\"><span>40<\/span><div> Andriamandimbiarisoa, L.N. (2007): Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e8tude de l\u2019histoire de trois esp\u00e8ces de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons de la region de Toliary, <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872) et <em>Furcifer antimena<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872): biologie, \u00e9cologie et \u00e9thologie de la reproduction. M\u00e9moire DEA, unpublished. D\u00e9partement de Biologie Animale, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar. 73 pages. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/230839\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-41\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 40 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-42\"><span>41<\/span><div>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (1996): Seltene Schlangen aus Madagaskar. TI Magazin 132: 41-45. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/de\/document\/view\/9397256\/seltene-schlangen-aus-madagaskar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-42\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 41 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-43\"><span>42<\/span><div>Negro, A., Radimbiniaina, H.Z. (2026): Rotten ready-to-eat: observation of a Malagasy Cat-eyed Snake, <em>Madagascarophis colubrinus<\/em> (Schlegel, 1837), feeding on the carcass of a Panther Chameleon, <em>Furcifer pardalis<\/em> (Cuvier, 1829). Herpetology Notes 19: 399-401. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/publikationen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-43\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 42 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-44\"><span>43<\/span><div>Kryukova, E.V., Ivanov, D.A., Kopylova, N.V., Starkov, V.G., Andreeva, T.V., Ivanov, I.A., Tsetlin, V.I., Utkin, Yu. N. (2023): A new peptide from the venom of the Madagascar cat-eyed snake <em>Madagascarophis colubrinus<\/em> blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry 49(3): 529-537. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1134\/S1068162023030159\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-44\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 43 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-45\"><span>44<\/span><div>Rosa, G.M., Boistel, R., Campantico, E., Gillet, B., Berg\u00f2, P.E., Andreone, F. (2014): Case solved: presence of toxin-secreting oral glands in the lamprophiid snake <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em> (Grandidier, 1867) from Madagascar. Zoomorphology 133: 417-423. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/286447\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-45\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 44 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-46\"><span>45<\/span><div> Ruane, S., Myers, E.A., Lo, K., Yuen, S., Welt, R.S., Juman, M., Futterman, I., Nussbaum, R.A., Schneider, G., Burbrink, F.T., Raxworthy, C.J. (2017): Unrecognized species diversity and new insights into colour pattern polymorphism within the widespread Malagasy snake <em>Mimophis<\/em> (Serpentes: Lamprohiidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 16(3): 1-16. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/286871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-46\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 45 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-47\"><span>46<\/span><div> Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-47\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 46 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-48\"><span>47<\/span><div> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-48\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 47 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-49\"><span>47<\/span><div> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2285525\/Snake-vs-chameleon-Moment-savage-serpent-strikes-defenceless-animal-toxic-paralysing-poison-eats-lunch.html%5b\/mfn\">https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2285525\/Snake-vs-chameleon-Moment-savage-serpent-strikes-defenceless-animal-toxic-paralysing-poison-eats-lunch.html[\/mfn<\/a>] Nahe des Andringitramassifs im S\u00fcdosten Madagaskars sammelten Wissenschaftler eine <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em>, in deren Magen sie ein k\u00fcrzlich gefressenes <em>Furcifer willsii<\/em> entdeckten.<sup id=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-48\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote \" data-mfn=\"47\" data-mfn-post-scope=\"00000000000043170000000000000000_9434\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\"  role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-48\">47<\/a><\/sup><span role=\"tooltip\" class=\"modern-footnotes-footnote__note\" tabindex=\"0\" data-mfn=\"47\"><\/span> Lob\u00f3n-Rovira, J., Belluardo, F., Rasoazanany, M., Rosa, G.M., Crottini, A. (2020): Canopy chameleon (<em>Furcifer willsii<\/em>) consumption by common big-eyed snake (<em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em>) in Fivahona Forest, eastern Madagascar. Malagasy Nature 14: 81-83. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/348382337_Canopy_chameleon_Furcifer_willsii_consumption_by_common_big-eyed_snake_Mimophis_mahfalensis_in_Fivahona_Forest_eastern_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-49\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 47 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-50\"><span>48<\/span><div> Rosa, G.M., Castelo Branco, J., Couto, H., Berg\u00f2, P.E., Andreone, F. (2016): <em>Mimophis mahfalensis<\/em> (common big-eyed snake) predation on <em>Furcifer major<\/em> (giant carpet chameleon) in Isalo, Madagascar. The Herpetological Bulletin 138: 40-41. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebhs.org\/publications\/the-herpetological-bulletin\/issue-number-138-winter-2016\/970-14-i-mimophis-mahfalensis-i-common-big-eyed-snake-predation-on-i-furcifer-major-i-giant-carpet-chameleon-in-isalo-madagascar\/file\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-50\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 48 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-51\"><span>49<\/span><div>Andriamandimbiarisoa, L.N. (2007): Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e8tude de l\u2019histoire de trois esp\u00e8ces de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons de la region de Toliary, <em>Furcifer verrucosus<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872) et <em>Furcifer antimena<\/em> (Grandidier, 1872): biologie, \u00e9cologie et \u00e9thologie de la reproduction. M\u00e9moire DEA, unpublished. D\u00e9partement de Biologie Animale, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar. 73 pages. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/230839\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-51\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 49 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-52\"><span>50<\/span><div>Edmonds, D.A., Sam-Edmonds, S.S. (2024): Predation on the chameleons <em>Calumma crypticum<\/em> Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 2006 and <em>C. gastrotaenia<\/em> (Boulenger, 1888) by the snake <em>Compsophis infralineatus<\/em> (G\u00fcnther, 1882) near Mandraka, Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 17: 327-328. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/www.biotaxa.org\/hn\/article\/view\/85200\/80490&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjopczhvZqVAxXhRfEDHQlwDVMQFnoECBcQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw2mC52hNl2WywOx2o069I16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-52\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 50 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-53\"><span>51<\/span><div>Edmonds, D.A., Sam-Edmonds, S.S. (2024): Predation on the chameleons <em>Calumma crypticum<\/em> Raxworthy and Nussbaum, 2006 and <em>C. gastrotaenia<\/em> (Boulenger, 1888) by the snake <em>Compsophis infralineatus<\/em> (G\u00fcnther, 1882) near Mandraka, Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 17: 327-328. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/384147944_Predation_on_the_chameleons_Calumma_crypticum_Raxworthy_and_Nussbaum_2006_and_C_gastrotaenia_Boulenger_1888_by_the_snake_Compsophis_infralineatus_Gunther_1882_near_Mandraka_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-53\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 51 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-54\"><span>52<\/span><div>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (2007): Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar. 3<sup>rd<\/sup> edition. Vences &amp; Glaw Verlag, Cologne, Germany. 498 pp.  <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-54\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 52 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-55\"><span>53<\/span><div>Kaloloha, A., Misandeau, C., Gehring, P.-S. (2011): Notes on the diversity and natural history of the snake fauna of Ambodiriana-Manompana, a protected rainforest site in north-eastern Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 4: 397-402. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Notes-on-the-diversity-and-natural-history-of-the-a-Kaloloha-Misandeau\/4aa01ab61434ae19c2c40800663886c80e8f054a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-55\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 53 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-56\"><span>54<\/span><div>Raxworthy, C.J. (1988): Reptiles, Rainforest and Conservation in Madagascar. Biological Conservation 43: 181-211. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/0006320788901139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-56\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 54 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-57\"><span>55<\/span><div>Glaw, F., Vences, M. (1996): Seltene Schlangen aus Madagaskar. TI Magazin 132: 41-45. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/de\/document\/view\/9397256\/seltene-schlangen-aus-madagaskar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-57\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 55 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-58\"><span>56<\/span><div>Knoll, A., Glaw, F., K\u00f6hler, J. (2009): The Malagasy snake <em>Pseudoxyrhophus ambreensis<\/em> preys upon chameleon eggs by shell slitting. Herpetology Notes 2: 161-162. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/263150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-58\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 56 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-59\"><span>57<\/span><div>Viol, A.L., Crowell, H.L., Lee, J.L., Schramer, T.D. (2025): Langaha madagascariensis (Malagasy Leaf-nosed Snake). Diet and reproduction. Herpetological Review 55(2): 284. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/389631879_LANGAHA_MADAGASCARIENSIS_Malagasy_Leaf-nosed_Snake_DIET_and_REPRODUCTION\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-59\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 57 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-60\"><span>58<\/span><div>Tingle, J.L. (2012): Field observations on the behavioral ecology of the Madagascan Leaf-nosed Snake, <em>Langaha madagascariensis<\/em>. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 7(3): 442-448. <a href=\"https:\/\/herpconbio.org\/Volume_7\/Issue_3\/Tingle_2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-60\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 58 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-61\"><span>59<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, A., Razarazafy, D., Fabrice, S. (2025): Predation on <em>Furcifer<\/em> sp. by Oustalet\u2019s Chameleon, <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em> (Mocquard, 1894), in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. Herpetology Notes 18: 305-306. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/392315972_Predation_on_Fulcifer_sp_by_Oustalet%27s_Chameleon_Fulcifer_oustaleti_Mocquard_1894_in_the_Central_Highlands_of_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-61\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 59 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-62\"><span>60<\/span><div>Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): <em>Furcifer oustaleti<\/em>, <em>Furcifer rhinoceratus<\/em>. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447-448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-62\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 60 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-63\"><span>61<\/span><div>D\u2019Cruze, N., Sabel, J.A. (2005): <em>Ptychadena mascariensis<\/em> (Mascarene ridged frog): Predation on an endemic Malagasy chameleon. Herpetological Bulletin 93: 26-27. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebhs.org\/publications\/the-herpetological-bulletin\/issue-number-93-autumn-2005\/2984-hb093-08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-63\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 61 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-64\"><span>62<\/span><div>Vences, M., Glaw, F., Zapp, C. (1999): Stomach content analyses in Malagasy frogs of the genera <em>Tomoptera<\/em>, <em>Aglyptodactylus<\/em>, <em>Boophis<\/em>, and <em>Mantidactylus<\/em> (Anura: Ranidae). Herpetozoa 11 (3\/4): 109-116. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zobodat.at\/pdf\/HER_11_3_4_0109-0116.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-64\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 62 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-65\"><span>63<\/span><div>Parcher, S.R. (1974): Observations on the Natural Histories of Six Malagasy Chamaeleontidae. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tierpsychologie 34:500\u2013523. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1974.tb01818.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-65\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 63 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-66\"><span>64<\/span><div>Oda, R. (1996): Predation on a Chameleon by a Ring-Tailed Lemur (<em>Lemur catta<\/em>) in the Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. Folia Primatologica 67:40\u201343. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/239783040_Predation_on_a_Chameleon_by_a_Ring-Tailed_Lemur_Lemur_catta_in_the_Berenty_Reserve_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-66\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 64 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-67\"><span>65<\/span><div>Jolly, A., Caless, S., Cavigelli, S., Gould, L., Pereira, M.E., Pitts, A., Pride, R.E., Rabenandrasana, H.D., Walker, J.D., Zafison, T. (2000): Infant killing, wounding and predation in <em>Eulemur <\/em>and <em>Lemur<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 21:21-40. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1005467411880\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-67\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 65 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-68\"><span>66<\/span><div>Simmen, B., Hladik, A., Ramasiarisoa, P. (2003): \u00a0Food intake and dietary overlap in native <em>Lemur catta<\/em> and <em>Propithecus verreauxi<\/em> and introduced <em>Eulemur fulvus<\/em> at Berenty, southern Madagascar. International Journal of Primatology 24: 949\u2013968. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1026366309980\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-68\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 66 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-69\"><span>67<\/span><div>Ichino, S., Rambeloarivony, H. (2011): \u00a0New cases of vertebrate predation by the ring-tailed lemur (<em>Lemur catta<\/em>), with reference to differences from <em>Eulemur<\/em> species and other primates. African Study Monographs 32: 69\u201380. <a href=\"https:\/\/repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp\/bitstreams\/5a08d2b8-db9e-4f29-b907-5bcdbd3a89dd\/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-69\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 67 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-70\"><span>68<\/span><div>Jolly, A., Caless, S., Cavigelli, S., Gould, L., Pereira, M.E., Pitts, A., Pride, R.E., Rabenandrasana, H.D., Walker, J.D., Zafison, T. (2000): Infant killing, wounding and predation in <em>Eulemur <\/em>and <em>Lemur<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 21:21-40. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1005467411880\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-70\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 68 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-71\"><span>69<\/span><div>Dammhahn, M., Kappeler, P.M. (2008): Comparative feeding ecology of sympatric <em>Microcebus berthae<\/em> and <em>M. murinus<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1567\u20131589. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/biodiv\/content\/documents\/c576eec5-b997-43e7-b742-c5205d79f01e\/1921a8d509cb476db33275277a5d5107.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-71\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 69 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-72\"><span>70<\/span><div>Dammhahn, M., Kappeler, P.M. (2008): Comparative feeding ecology of sympatric <em>Microcebus berthae<\/em> and <em>M. murinus<\/em>. International Journal of Primatology 29: 1567\u20131589. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/biodiv\/content\/documents\/c576eec5-b997-43e7-b742-c5205d79f01e\/1921a8d509cb476db33275277a5d5107.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-72\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 70 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-73\"><span>71<\/span><div> Parcher, S.R. (1974): Observations on the Natural Histories of Six Malagasy Chamaeleontidae. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tierpsychologie 34:500\u2013523. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1974.tb01818.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-73\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 71 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-74\"><span>72<\/span><div>Hladik, C.M., Charles-Dominique, P., Petter, J.J. (1980): Feeding strategies of five nocturnal prosimians in the dry forest of the west coast of Madagascar. In <em>Nocturnal Malagasy Primates. \u00a0Ecology, Physiology, and Behavior <\/em>(Charles-Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Page E, Pariente GF, et al., eds.), pp. 41\u201373. Academic Press, New York (USA). <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-74\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 72 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-75\"><span>73<\/span><div>Pages, E. (1980): Ethoecology of <em>Microcebus coquereli<\/em> during the dry season. In <em>Nocturnal Malagasy Primates.\u00a0 Ecology, Physiology, and Behavior <\/em>(Charles-Dominique P, Cooper HM, Hladik A, Page E, Pariente GF, et al., eds.), pp. 97\u2013116. Academic Press, New York (USA). <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-75\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 73 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-76\"><span>74<\/span><div>Rand, A.L. (1936): The distribution and habits of the Madagascar birds. A summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-76\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 74 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-77\"><span>75<\/span><div>Hawkins, C.E., Racey, P.A. (2008): Food habits of an endangered carnivore, <em>Cryptoprocta ferox<\/em>, in the dry deciduous forests of western Madagascar. Journal of Mammalogy 89(1): 64-74. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-77\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 75 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-78\"><span>76<\/span><div>Sch\u00fctt, P. (2008): Analysis of road kill data from Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar. Masters project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management degree in the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences of Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. <a href=\"https:\/\/dukespace.lib.duke.edu\/items\/69cef114-e0e5-4a17-b9b4-9050adc83913\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-78\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 76 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-79\"><span>77<\/span><div>Ramsay M.S., Mercado Malabet, F., Ravelonjanahary H.N., Razafindrakoto, A., Lehman, S.M. (2024): Spatial patterns of roadkill within Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar. Austral Ecology 49: e13531. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aec.13531\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-79\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 77 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-80\"><span>78<\/span><div>Thorstrom Russel, Ren\u00e9 de Roland Lily-Arison (200): First nest description, breeding behaviour and distribution of the Madagascar Serpent-Eagle Eutriorchis astur. Ibis 142: 217-224. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Russell-Thorstrom\/publication\/227780668_First_nest_description_breeding_behaviour_and_distribution_of_the_Madagascar_Serpent-Eagle_Eutriorchis_astur\/links\/5aba5685a6fdcc0e3d9ed722\/First-nest-description-breeding-behaviour-and-distribution-of-the-Madagascar-Serpent-Eagle-Eutriorchis-astur.pdf?origin=publicationSearch&amp;_rtd=e30%3D&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6ImhvbWUiLCJwYWdlIjoic2VhcmNoIiwicG9zaXRpb24iOiJwYWdlSGVhZGVyIn19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-80\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 78 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-81\"><span>79<\/span><div>Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-81\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 79 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-82\"><span>80<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L.-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Razafimanajato,R. H.R., Obenarimangason, H.R., Thorstrom, R. (2005): Breeding biology and diet of the banded kestrel Falco zoniventris on Masoala peninsula. Ostrich 76: 32-36. <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.peregrinefund.org\/docs\/pdf\/research-library\/2005\/2005-Rene-de-Roland-banded-kestrel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-82\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 80 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-83\"><span>81<\/span><div>Thorstrom, R. (1999): A description of the nests, diet and behaviour of the banded kestrel. Ostrich 70: 149-151. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233084632_A_description_of_nests_diet_and_behaviour_of_the_Banded_Kestrel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-83\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 81 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-84\"><span>82<\/span><div>Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-84\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 82 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-85\"><span>83<\/span><div>Rakotomanana, H., Akamura, M.N., Yamagishi, S. (2001): Breeding ecology of the endemic hook-billed vanga, <em>Vanga curvirostris<\/em>, in Madagascar. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 33: 25-35. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/content\/documents\/ffae6799-245a-4c17-83f5-8de2f7dfe85e\/a7485c0e593947daa1949a8a38d094c8.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjN_MWai96SAxUKgP0HHZznCuMQFnoECCMQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw06gpoWWZ95kWpOzzQ8HlVs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-85\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 83 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-86\"><span>84<\/span><div> Metcalf, J., Bayly, N., Bisoa, M., Rabearivony, J., Stewart-Jones, A. (2005): Furcifer oustaleti, Furcifer rhinoceratus. Predation. Herpetological Review 36(4): 447\u2013448. <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-86\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 84 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-87\"><span>85<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Randriamanga, I, Thorstrom, R. (2004): Nesting biology and diet of the Madagascar harrier (<em>Circus macrosceles<\/em>) in Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 38: 256-262. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2653&amp;context=jrr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-87\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 85 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-88\"><span>86<\/span><div>Karpanty, S.M., Goodman, S.M. (1999): Diet of the Madagascar harrier-hawk <em>Polyboroides radiatus<\/em> in south-eastern Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 33: 313-316. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&amp;context=jrr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-88\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 86 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-89\"><span>87<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Langrand, O.L. (1993): Food habits of the barn owl <em>Tyto alba<\/em> at three sites on Madagascar. Ostrich 64(4): 160-171. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/253784\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-89\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 87 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-90\"><span>88<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-90\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 88 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-91\"><span>89<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-91\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 89 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-92\"><span>90<\/span><div>Lamarca, G., Thorstrom, R. (1999): Breeding biology, diet and vocalization of the helmet vanga, <em>Euryceros prevostii<\/em>, on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Ostrich 71: 400-403. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/241723552_Breeding_biology_diet_and_vocalization_of_the_Helmet_Vanga_Euryceros_prevostii_on_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-92\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 90 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-93\"><span>91<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-93\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 91 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-94\"><span>92<\/span><div>Raxworthy, C.J. (1988): Reptiles, rainforest and conservation in Madagascar. Biological Conservation 43: 181-211. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/22695171\/Reptiles_rainforest_and_conservation_in_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-94\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 92 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-95\"><span>93<\/span><div>Thorstrom Russel, Ren\u00e9 de Roland Lily-Arison (200): First nest description, breeding behaviour and distribution of the Madagascar Serpent-Eagle Eutriorchis astur. Ibis 142: 217-224. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Russell-Thorstrom\/publication\/227780668_First_nest_description_breeding_behaviour_and_distribution_of_the_Madagascar_Serpent-Eagle_Eutriorchis_astur\/links\/5aba5685a6fdcc0e3d9ed722\/First-nest-description-breeding-behaviour-and-distribution-of-the-Madagascar-Serpent-Eagle-Eutriorchis-astur.pdf?origin=publicationSearch&amp;_rtd=e30%3D&amp;_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6ImhvbWUiLCJwYWdlIjoic2VhcmNoIiwicG9zaXRpb24iOiJwYWdlSGVhZGVyIn19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-95\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 93 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-96\"><span>94<\/span><div>Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-96\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 94 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-97\"><span>95<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L.-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Razafimanajato,R. H.R., Obenarimangason, H.R., Thorstrom, R. (2005): Breeding biology and diet of the banded kestrel Falco zoniventris on Masoala peninsula. Ostrich 76: 32-36. <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.peregrinefund.org\/docs\/pdf\/research-library\/2005\/2005-Rene-de-Roland-banded-kestrel.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-97\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 95 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-98\"><span>96<\/span><div>Thorstrom, R. (1999): A description of the nests, diet and behaviour of the banded kestrel. Ostrich 70: 149-151. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233084632_A_description_of_nests_diet_and_behaviour_of_the_Banded_Kestrel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-98\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 96 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-99\"><span>97<\/span><div>Berkelmann, J. (1997): Food habits of the Madagascar buzzard in the rainforest of the Masoala peninsula. The Condor 9: 833-835. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/condor\/article-abstract\/99\/3\/833\/5124452?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-99\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 97 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-100\"><span>98<\/span><div>Rakotomanana, H., Akamura, M.N., Yamagishi, S. (2001): Breeding ecology of the endemic hook-billed vanga, <em>Vanga curvirostris<\/em>, in Madagascar. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. 33: 25-35. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/content\/documents\/ffae6799-245a-4c17-83f5-8de2f7dfe85e\/a7485c0e593947daa1949a8a38d094c8.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjN_MWai96SAxUKgP0HHZznCuMQFnoECCMQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw06gpoWWZ95kWpOzzQ8HlVs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-100\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 98 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-101\"><span>99<\/span><div>Ren\u00e9 de Roland, L-A., Rabearivony, J.R., Randriamanga, I, Thorstrom, R. (2004): Nesting biology and diet of the Madagascar harrier (<em>Circus macrosceles<\/em>) in Ambohitantely Special Reserve, Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 38: 256-262. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2653&amp;context=jrr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-101\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 99 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-102\"><span>100<\/span><div>Karpanty, S.M., Goodman, S.M. (1999) : Diet of the Madagascar harrier-hawk <em>Polyboroides radiatus<\/em> in south-eastern Madagascar. Journal of Raptor Research 33 : 313-316. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&amp;context=jrr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-102\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 100 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-103\"><span>101<\/span><div>Goodman, S.M., Langrand, O.L. (1993): Food habits of the barn owl <em>Tyto alba<\/em> at three sites on Madagascar. Ostrich 64(4): 160-171. <a href=\"https:\/\/protectedareas.mg\/document\/show\/253784\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-103\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 101 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-104\"><span>102<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Lind, J. (1999): First nest description, breeding, ranging and foraging behaviour of the short-legged ground roller <em>Brachypteracias leptosomus<\/em> in Madagascar. Ibis 141: 569-576. <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07364.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-104\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 102 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-105\"><span>103<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-105\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 103 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-106\"><span>104<\/span><div>Lamarca, G., Thorstrom, R. (1999): Breeding biology, diet and vocalization of the helmet vanga, <em>Euryceros prevostii<\/em>, on the Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar. Ostrich 71: 400-403. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/241723552_Breeding_biology_diet_and_vocalization_of_the_Helmet_Vanga_Euryceros_prevostii_on_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-106\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 104 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-107\"><span>105<\/span><div>Thostrom, R., Watson, R.T. (1997): Avian inventory and key species of the Masoala peninsula, Madagascar. Bird Conservation International 7: 99-115. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/231856656_Avian_inventory_and_key_species_of_the_Masoala_Peninsula_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-107\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 105 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><li id=\"footnote-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-108\"><span>106<\/span><div>Raxworthy, C.J. (1988): Reptiles, rainforest and conservation in Madagascar. Biological Conservation 43: 181-211. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/22695171\/Reptiles_rainforest_and_conservation_in_Madagascar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download<\/a> <a href=\"#mfn-content-00000000000043170000000000000000_9434-108\" class=\"modern-footnotes-scroll-to-footnote\" aria-label=\"Back to reference 106 in text\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les connaissances sur les pr\u00e9dateurs des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons malgaches proviennent principalement de rapports anecdotiques et jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent de recherches moins syst\u00e9matiques. Nous observons aussi de temps en temps comment les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons deviennent les victimes d&rsquo;autres animaux dans la nature sauvage de Madagascar. Jenkins, Rabearivony et Rakotomanana ont publi\u00e9 le seul aper\u00e7u sur ce sujet jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent en 2009. Nous avons r\u00e9dig\u00e9 cet article afin de pr\u00e9senter les connaissances actuelles sur les pr\u00e9dateurs des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons malgaches. On peut actuellement supposer qu&rsquo;\u00e0 Madagascar, ce sont principalement les oiseaux et les serpents qui se nourrissent de cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons. Oiseaux Parmi les oiseaux, deux oiseaux de proie sont particuli\u00e8rement remarquables: Le Firasab\u00e9 de Madagascar (Eutriorchis astur) et le Faucon \u00e0 ventre ray\u00e9. Les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons semblent constituer une part tr\u00e8s importante du r\u00e9gime alimentaire de ces deux esp\u00e8ces. Tous deux chassent principalement \u00e0 la cime des arbres, ce qui pr\u00e9destine les cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons vivant dans les arbres comme nourriture. Chez le Firasab\u00e9 de Madagascar, on a observ\u00e9 pendant une saison de reproduction en saison des pluies que pr\u00e8s de 50 % des proies \u00e9taient des cam\u00e9l\u00e9ons . Les Firasab\u00e9s s&rsquo;assoient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sur une branche sur\u00e9lev\u00e9e et observent les environs de l\u00e0. S&rsquo;ils d\u00e9couvrent une proie valable, ils volent&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9465,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[42,2545],"tags":[1914,1955,1924,1925,1929,1926,1934,1899,1898,1900,1907,1911,1912,334,1918,1958,1944,1941,1960,1913,637,1967,1968,1943,1908,1927,1928,1933,1905,1939,1922,1906,1975,1972,1974,1771,1923,1959,1963,1954,1965,1915,1961,1932,1919,1949,1948,1969,1664,1964,1970,1937,1950,1910,1938,1942,1917,1946,1930,1976,1971,1947,1956,1935,1953,1951,1920,1901,1966,1945,1977,1903,1902,1904,1940,1952,1973,1909,1957,1916,1837,1921,1936,1962,1931],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9434"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9434"}],"version-history":[{"count":188,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9434\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15816,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9434\/revisions\/15816"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9465"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9434"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9434"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.madcham.de\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9434"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}